Organic anion transport protein 1a1 (Oatp1a1) is the prototypical member of the Oatp family of highly homologous transport proteins that are highly expressed in the liver and kidney (Cheng et al., 2005;Imai et al., 2013). In the liver, Oatp1a1 is expressed in all hepatocytes, and uniformly distributed on the basolateral (sinusoidal) surface of hepatocytes (Wang et al., 2008). Oatp1a1 expression is influenced by gender. Oatp1a1 expression in rat liver is predominantly male (Hou et al., 2014). In contrast, Oatp1a1 in kidney is predominantly female (Cheng et al., 2006). However, it is also believed that the expression of Oatp1a1 is higher in kidney of males than that of females (Cheng et al., 2005). The expression of Oatp1a1 tends to be up-regulated and then down-regulated with increasing age. Oatp1a1 is barely detectable in the liver of fetal rats, and its expression is low at birth, and increase rapidly after weaning, reaching a peak at 60 days. It then remains stable from 60 to 180 days of age, and
OATP1A4 is an important member of the family of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), which is generally thought to mediate cellular uptake of endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bile acids, drugs and environmental toxins. Recent studies have found that Oatp1a4 plays an important role in drug passage through the blood-brain barrier and is expected to be an important target for drugs used to treat central diseases. Oatp1a4 has also been associated with various diseases such as cholestasis. differences in Oatp1a4 across age and sex have also become an area of concern for precision drug administration. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic review of Oatp1a4 expression in drug transport and various physiopathological states.
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a functional food that is commercially available worldwide. Triterpenoid saponins are the main active components in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, which are usually hydrolyzed into triterpene sapogenins in organisms to play a pharmacological role. Gypensapogenin D is a triterpene sapogenins with the highest content in the hydrolysate of gypenoside. In addition, it was found that Gypensapogenin D had a certain inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. In view of the poor solubility of Gypensapogenin D, which affects its bioavailability, Gypensapogenin D was prepared as a liposomal formulation in this paper, which provides valuable data for the later in-depth study and drug development and utilization of this compound.
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