Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) has become important for Indonesia because this mechanism will provide financial benefits, whereas it adheres to the Indonesian commitment to participate in climate change mitigation. However, a weak forest governance system and lack of transparency have undermined Indonesia's goals to reduce deforestation and to manage and distribute the compensation appropriately. The idea of transformational change to reform Indonesian forest governance might be hindered by path dependency that has become entrenched within the Indonesian government. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyze the path dependency of Indonesian forest governance and to examine the implication of path dependency in the development of REDD+ in Indonesia. Using the political economy lens, the diagnosis of the path dependency is determined if there are positive feedbacks for the Ministry of Forestry, as the leading agency in the administration of Indonesian forests, to maintain the status quo. This paper shows that there are four positive or reinforcing feedbacks for the Ministry of Forestry: (1) vested interests for utilizing the forests as an income source, (2) network effects from managing the forest resources, (3) sunk costs invested to strengthen the institution, and (4) inclusiveness of the institution in managing the forests. This paper also highlights that path dependency within the Ministry of Forestry causes complexity in the REDD+ debate in Indonesia, particularly regarding which institutional arrangement will best implement REDD+. On the other hand, this paper shows that various policies and activities related to REDD+ could break path dependency.

Penghapusan luas minimal kawasan hutan 30 persen yang tertuang dalam RUU Cipta Kerja telah menjadi perdebatan banyak pihak. Definisi hutan dan kawasan hutan juga menjadi isu hangat dalam pembahasan kebijakan tersebut. Terlebih makna luas minimal 30 persen memiliki multi tafsir: dari hutan atau dari kawasan hutan. Untuk itu, tulisan ini juga menganalisis relevansi kebijakan luas minimal kawasan hutan dan definisi hutan. Dalam mengkaji hal tersebut, digunakan metode pendekatan analisis wacana kritis berdasarkan sejarah. Berdasarkan pengkajian yang bersifat kualitatif deskriptif ini, dapat ditarik benang merah: (1) hutan dan kawasan hutan memiliki multi definisi dan tafsir, (2) angka 30 persen untuk menentukan luas minimal kawasan hutan dipengaruhi kebijakan kehutanan ilmiah era kolonial, (3) angka 30 persen mempunyai beberapa kekurangan untuk kondisi saat ini, (4) penentuan luas minimal kawasan hutan seyogianya didukung dengan metode termutakhir, salah satunya dapat menggunakan analisis multi kriteria. Meski dari segi sejarah dan dampak angka 30 persen sudah tidak relevan lagi, pengambilan keputusan tidak hanya bersifat rasional teknis, tapi juga mempertimbangkan aspek legalitas dan politis.

Turisme alam di masa new normal, akibat pandemi Covid-19, akan menjadi sebuah tren. Sebagian besar lokasi wisata alam ini berada di taman nasional. Permasalahannya, penetapan taman nasional bukan seolah-olah hanya untuk destinasi wisata. Selain pariwisata, taman nasional juga berfungsi perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati, tempat tinggal masyarakat lokal, bahkan mempunyai nilai politis. Berkaca dari hal tersebut, tulisan ini mencoba membedah arti dan makna taman nasional bagi bangsa Indonesia dilihat dari beberapa sudut pandang. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan ekologi politik dengan mengulas beberapa pustaka tentang sejarah penetapan dan perkembangan taman nasional. Pandangan ekologi politik memungkinkan untuk mengkaji taman nasional dilihat dari aspek ekologi, sosial, ekonomi, dan politik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, beberapa makna taman nasional: sebagai destinasi wisata, identitas nasional, kawasan konservasi, dan tempat tinggal suku adat. Perbedaan pandangan taman nasional tersebut justru dapat menjadi peluang taman nasional sebagai wujud nyata penerapan pembangunan berkelanjutan, khususnya melalui instrumen pariwisata berkelanjutan. Integrasi nilai-nilai tersebut juga memungkinkan taman nasional sebagai agen pembangunan berkelanjutan di lapangan. Di akhir, tulisan ini memaparkan rekomendasi beberapa program untuk mewujudkan konsep pariwisata berkelanjutan pada taman nasional dengan memperhatikan protokol tatanan baru atau new normal akibat pandemi Covid-19.

After 70 years Indonesia's independence, the development of Indonesia's forestry remains complex and complicated. Forests, that have contributed significant economic growth, nowadays are facing some challenges. Many issues come across, such as deforestation, forest concessions' bankrupt, and land conflicts. Many experts claim that the underlying cause of these problems are related to uncertainty of forest area and forest tenure. These problems do not only bring negative effects to society, but also hinder other development agendas. Thus, Indonesia needs to reform its forest area and forest tenure. This idea is knowingly as forest reform or agrarian reform or forest tenure reform. This article explains the facts of forest unfair tenure, the fact of forest cover in Indonesia, pros and cons about forest tenure reform, using strategic environment assessment to evaluate forest tenure reform, and also proposal policy framework. Currently, the government is preparing the mid-term development plan, later we call it as RPJMN, 2020-2024. As forest tenure reform is important as an enabling condition for the development in forestry sector, thus the forest tenure reform should be included as national project priority in RPJMN 2020RPJMN -2024