Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, which when ingested can cause several deleterious effects to the health of humans and animals. In this work, the detection and quantification of six major mycotoxins (aflatoxins—AFLA, deoxynivalenol—DON, fumonisins—FUMO, ochratoxin A—OTA, T-2 toxin—T-2 and zearalenone—ZON) in 1749 samples of feed and feed ingredients for cattle, collected in Brazil between 2017 and 2021, was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 97% of samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, yet, very few samples exceeded the lowest European Union guidance values for cattle, and the estimated daily intake also showed a low risk for the animals. However, co-occurrences were widely observed, as 87% of samples contained two or more mycotoxins at the same time, and the presence of more than one mycotoxin at the same time in feed can lead to interactions. In conclusion, the contamination of feed and feed ingredients for cattle with mycotoxins in Brazil is very common. Hence, the monitoring of these mycotoxins is of significant importance for food safety.
Industrial broilers raised on helminthic medication-free feed were diagnosed with a severe disease caused by Ascaridia galli, characterized by intestinal hemorrhage and obstruction. A. galli was identified based on the morphological features of the nematode. Broilers were raised for a longer period (63 days) for weight recovery, grouped as stunted (n=500), had low body score and had fetid diarrhea. The duodenumjejunum segment was the most severely affected with obstruction and had localized accumulation of gas. The intestinal mucosa was severely congested with petechial and suffusive hemorrhages. The outbreak resulted in morbidity of about 10% and mortality of up to 4% and was associated to the absence of preventive medication on feed and slack biosecurity. The reemergence of A. galli is discussed in view of the alternative poultry management and raising conditions for drug free and welfare.
Pullorum disease is described worldwide and is caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). S. Pullorum infection is important in commercial poultry, provoking a systemic disease with high mortality rates. Its occurrence requires notification, and when it is diagnosed in commercial breeding flocks, its eradication is demanded. The aim of this study was to report a severe outbreak of Pullorum disease in young Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), resulting in 100% mortality of keets (n=290) within the first two weeks of age. All examined keets had enlarged liver, kidneys and spleen (5/5), and the affected tissues were submitted to histological and bacteriological examination. On histopathology, random paratyphoid nodules characterized by areas of necrosis with fibrin and a moderate infiltrate of macrophages and heterophils were observed in the liver. In kidneys, discrete areas of necrosis associated with moderate multifocal infiltrates of lymphocytes, and plasma cells were observed. In the spleen, a moderate infiltrate of macrophages was noticed. Isolation of colonies suggestive of S. Pullorum from liver and spleen was performed in selective agars and, after biochemical tests, confirmed by specific duplex-PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolated strain revealed resistance to only sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim among the tested antimicrobials. The S. Pullorum isolate recovered in the present study was highly pathogenic to N. meleagris and may represent a risk to other avian species, including industrial poultry.
Intoxicações por drogas recreativas como Cannabis sativa, comumente conhecida como maconha, estão cada vez mais presentes nas clínicas de atendimento veterinário. A Cannabis contém mais de 500 compostos diferentes e mais de 80 canabinoides conhecidos; destes, o delta-9 tetrahidrocanabinol (THC) é o mais psicoativo e responsável pela maioria dos sintomas de intoxicação. Os canabinoides são substâncias exógenas extraídas da Cannabis e se ligam aos receptores CB1 e CB2 do sistema endocanabinoide. Em cães, dentre os sinais clínicos de intoxicação mais presentes destacam-se: agitação, ataxia, midríase, aumento da sensibilidade ao som, hiperestesia, sialorreia, distúrbios neurológicos, espasmos musculares e início agudo de incontinência urinária. Muitas vezes o diagnóstico de intoxicação por maconha é difícil, principalmente porque os tutores resistem em admitir a exposição a drogas ilícitas com receio das implicações legais. O médico-veterinário deve ganhar a confiança do tutor do animal para que o diagnóstico possa ser realizado precocemente e iniciado o tratamento mais adequado para a situação. O tratamento inclui monitoramento clínico, cuidados de suporte, administração de fluidos intravenosos, administração de carvão ativado, indução de vômitos, administração de antieméticos, suporte térmico (aquecimento/resfriamento) e monitoramento da pressão arterial. Os médicos-veterinários são os principais responsáveis pela educação dos tutores nessas circunstâncias, sendo de grande importância enfatizar para os tutores manterem agentes tóxicos fora do acesso dos animais.
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