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This is the fourth report of Fowler-type hydranencephaly, or proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly (PVHH), and is both the first case in Europe and the first case reported in an Asian family. A 17-week fetus showed severe arthrogryposis, pterygia and muscular hypoplasia. Massive cystic dilatation of the cerebral ventricles with thin disorganized pallium was associated with calcifications and characteristic glomeruloid vasculopathy throughout the CNS. Hydranencephaly in a previous pregnancy was demonstrated ultrasonographically at 13 weeks gestation. The glomeruloid vasculopathy, unique to this disorder, has ill-defined vascular channels, prominent reticulin network and inclusion-bearing cells which our immunocytological and ultrastructural studies suggest are endothelial cells. Aetiopathogenesis remains uncertain; previous hypothesis include congenital infection or primary neuro-ectodermal failure. Our present clinical and morphological findings suggest a primary role for the glomeruloid vasculopathy at the time of vascular invasion of the cerebral mantle during the first trimester. Previous and present case data support autosomal recessive inheritance, in contradistinction to sporadic, encephaloclastic, hydranencephaly from which PVHH can be readily differentiated by microscopic examination.

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) possess significant chances of malignancy conversion. In order to develop an early diagnostic tool, the present study evaluated the expression of miRNA-21 and 31 as salivary markers. The case-control study was carried out in 36 healthy participants as controls and in 36 patients who were newly diagnosed as OPMD having four different lesions including leucoplakia, oral sub mucous fibrosis (OSMF), oral lichen planus, and (OSMF) with leucoplakia. The samples were also classified as non-dysplastic, or with mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia according to their histopathological reports. The salivary miRNA-21 and 31 expressions were studied using real-time PCR. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22. Salivary miRNA-21 (p-value = 0.02) and 31 (p-value = 0.01) were significantly upregulated in severe dysplasia compared with control. Among the different lesions, leucoplakia had significant upregulation of miRNA-21 and 31. miRNA-21 can be used as a diagnostic marker with specificity of 66% and sensitivity of 69%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.820 for miRNA-21 and 0.5 for miRNA-31, which proved that miRNA-21 is a better diagnostic marker than miRNA-31 for OPMD.

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are oral mucosal disorders which have a high potential to turn into malignancy. A recent report suggests that 16%–62% of epithelial dysplasia cases of OPMD undergo malignant transformation, showing the need for early detection of malignancy in these disorders. Micro RNA (miRNA) plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune response, and hence, deregulation of miRNA is considered a signature of oral carcinogenesis. A search was done using MeSH terms in the PubMed, ScienceDirect databases, hand search, and finally, six studies were included in this systematic review. A total of 167 patients with oral cancer, 78 with OPMDs, 147 healthy controls, and 20 disease controls were analyzed for the expression of salivary miRNAs. Quality assessment based on the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool was used to obtain a risk of bias chart using Revman 5.3 software and it was proved that the study done by Zahran et al. in 2015 had a low risk of bias. The results of this study revealed upregulated miRNA 184 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 and miRNA 21 with an AUC of 0.73 and downregulated miRNA 145 with an AUC of 0.68, which proved that these miRNAs are significant in detecting early malignancy in OPMD and should be further analyzed in various populations. This systematic review explored the potential of expression of salivary miRNA in OPMD for future studies. This could pave the way to utilize saliva as a surrogate marker in diagnosing early malignant changes in OPMD.

Context: To date, there are very few studies regarding the eruption status of third molars in South Indian population. This study aims to analyse the eruption status of third molars and also the reasons behind their impactions. Aim:To study the prevalence of eruption status of third molars in South Indian population. Materials and methods:Status of third molars was evaluated radio graphically for 150 subjects (75 males and 75 females) and the impaction status, eruption status and congenital absence of third molars were recorded. Statistical analysis used:The results were analysed using chi-square test. Results:Out of the expected number of molars in 150 patients i.e. 600, only 317 molars (52.8%) were completely erupted and 250(41.6%) failed to erupt completely and were impacted and 33(5.5%) molars were congenitally absent. Conclusion:Third molar impactions have a mandibular predisposition. Third molar impaction showed a predilection towards females than males.Agenesis of third molars was more common in females than in males and was more common on the right side. The most common pattern of impaction was Mesioangular followed by vertical which is more common on the left side, horizontal which is common on the right side. The most commonly impacted teeth were 18 and 48. Biology and MedicineCitation: Sivaramakrishnan MS, Ramani P (2015) Study on the Prevalence of Eruption Status of Third Molars in South Indian Population. Biol Med (Aligarh) 7: 245.