The aim of the study was to identify the chemical ingredients and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude extracts of locally grown Acacia karoo and Ziziphus mauritiana. Antibacterial activity was measured by the agar well diffusion method, and chemical ingredients were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Qualitative analysis of crude organic extracts confirmed the presence of high-and low-molecular-mass compounds. The extracts had a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. An ethyl acetate extract of A. karoo root induced a maximum zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (35 ± 1.15 mm) and the least activity against Proteus vulgaris (10 ± 1.52 mm). A methanol extract of Z. mauritiana root induced a maximum zone of inhibition of Escherichia coli (35 ± 1.15 mm) and had the least activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (10 ± 1.52 mm). We conclude that root extracts of A. karoo and Z. mauritiana have significant antibacterial activity.
A new simple, precise, rapid, and selective high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for the analysis of tramadol in pharmaceutical formulations. The method uses chlorzoxazone as an internal standard. The stationary phase was silica gel 60F 254 prewashed with methanol; ethyl acetate-methanolammonia solution 7 + 1 + 0.5 (v/v) was used as mobile phase. Detection and quantification were performed densitometrically at k = 275 nm. The linear range of the analysis was 1.0 -2.5 lg and the percentage recovery was 104.6%.
Introduction: Cigarette Smoking (CS) is the single greatest preventable cause of disease and death and is rich in Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (ROS and RNS). These can cause the production of other free radicals, which, in turn, initiate lipid peroxidation and cause several diseases. Free radical scavenger enzymes namely Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) represent the enzymatic part that have the ability to inhibit oxidative stress by scavenging the highly destructive free radicals. Aim: To study the effect of CS on selected antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers. Materials and Methods: A case control study was conducted from September 2016 to September 2019 in which total of 284 healthy (without any systemic diseases) cigarette smokers (cases) in the age group of 18-60 years compared with age and sex matched 284 nonsmokers (controls) were included in the study. Estimation of serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA), Malondialdehyde (MDA) by Thiobarbuturic Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), SOD by water soluble tetrazolium salt 1, GPx and CAT by colorimetric method. The analysis was carried out using the SPSS 19.0.2 program for windows. Unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyse all the data for statistical significance. Results: The mean Serum MDA and 8-OHdG levels were significantly raised 7.47±1.84, 63.41±22.44 as compared to nonsmokers (3.90±1.03, 40.04±20.14) and serum SOD, Gpx and CAT levels were decreased 62.55±19.97, 44.45±16.60 and 12.92±10.16 in cigarette smokers as compared to nonsmokers 274.04±68.37, 208.56±75.63 and 127.82±18.68, respectively. These differences were also found to be statistically significant in cigarette smokers according to duration and number of cigarette smoked at the level of <0.05. Conclusion: Cigarette Smoking, especially long-term smoking may leads to significant changes in the enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of smokers. Discontinuation of smoking and general awareness needs to be created to minimise the risk of smoking related diseases.
This study presents the development and validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mangiferin (MGN) in alcoholic extracts of mangifera indica. A Lichrospher 100 C(18)-ODS (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm size) (Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ) prepacked column and a mobile phase of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (0.01M) pH 2.7 +/- 0.2-acetonitrile (15:85, v/v) with the flow rate of 1 mL/min was used. MGN detection was achieved at a wavelength monitored at 254 nm with SPD-M 10A vp PDA detector or SPD 10AD vp UV detector in combination with class LC 10A software. The proposed method was validated as prescribed by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) with respect to linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision, stability, and quantification. The method validation was realized using alcoholic extracts and raw materials of leaves and barks. All the validation parameters were within the acceptable limits, and the developed analytical method can successfully be applied for MGN determination.
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