Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are sites where animals are housed and raised in a confined environment. CAFOs assemble animals that are fed and cared for by professional care givers referred to as “Cowboys” on a limited space in a rustic landscape. The operation is monitored and meets the standards set forth by The United states Environmental Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov/region7/water/cafo/). In southwestern Texas, cattle are imported from Mexico, and subjected to the health inspection by The United States ‐ Mexico border USDA‐APHIS‐VS stations. Cattle undergo rigorous inspections for Tuberculosis, tick‐borne infections, and respiratory illness, along with prior health records followed by consignment to CAFOs (Feed Lots). While in Feed lots, the health and well being of the cattle is monitored by the house staff and also by USDA veterinarian. The amount of “Antibiotics” supplemented in the cattle feed is regulated by the EPA standards and followed through by in house nutritionist. MICRO BEEF TECHNOLOGIES, Ltd (http://www.microbeef.com/about_micro/index.html ) provides an excellent tracking system to maintain comprehensive details on individual animals regarding their health and nutrition. Taken together with an exceptional monitoring programs by The US‐EPA, USDA‐APHIS‐VS, and strict industry standards upheld by The Texas Cattle Feeders Association, the CAFOs pose minimal risk of rendering AR pathogen affected infectious diseases. (Acknowledgement: Dr. Darrell Haney, USDA‐APHIS‐VS, (830) 752‐1785, Eagle Pass, Texas; Mr. Luis De La Cruz, Runnells‐Peters Feed Yard LLC, 1444 Fm 1665, Quemado, TX 78877‐7790; Information Resources from Texas Cattle Feeders Association, http://www.tcfa.org/SiteMap.html). Grant Funding Source: Professional Development Funds ‐ SWTJC, Eagle Pass, Texas 78852
An analysis of the data on the detection and concentration of antibiotics, its metabolic breakdown intermediates in Site number: 08450900, Site Name: Rio Grande bl Amistad Dam nr Del Rio, TX of USGS:
Water‐related (borne) diseases are categorized into four different classes: waterborne, water‐washed, water‐based, and water‐related insect vectors. The Pacific Institute Research Report (http://www.pacinst.org/) speculates that by 2020 a global mortality rate of 34‐76 million people will be observed due to water related diseases. One of the main sources for water in Southwest Texas is the Rio Grande River which receives its water influx from Las Vacas, Rio Conchos, Rio Rodrigo, and Rio Salado tributaries from Mexico. The Rio Grande River flows through the southwest border and is stored in the Amistad Reservoir located in Del Rio, Texas. The “Texas Clean Rivers Program” a collaborative program operated by The Amistad Reservoir ‐ International Boundary and Water Commission, US section(USIBWC) ‐ The Rio Grande Basin and The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality(TCEQ) monitor the microbial and water quality issues in Texas. As per the 2012 Basin Highlights Report for the Rio Grande Basin in Texas show that there were between 14,200 colonies/100 ml and 3,800,000 colony forming units/100ml of the fecal coli form bacteria in the water samples. High levels of Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand were also detected in the water samples tested in the urban areas of Del Rio, Eagle Pass and Laredo. Taken together the severity of the contamination, BOD and COD increases the mutagenic potential in the microbial pathogens (bacteria) to acquire antibiotic resistance through known and unknown mechanisms. Grant Funding Source: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPEMENT FUNDS ‐
An effort has been made to explore the implementation of a prescription medicine (Antibiotics) recycling program in Texas. According to The Office of the Regional Medical Director, Texas Department of State Health Services (TDSHS) Region 8 at present there are no programs for recycling the unused prescription medications, Antibiotics in particular in existence in the State of Texas. http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/contact.shtm. Pertaining to the infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance as per the information available and Region 8 Medical director, VISA/VRSA Vancomycin‐Intermediate/Resistant Stapylococcus aureus are the only diseases that are reportable to the TDSHS. Of the 609 infections related to Staphylococcus aureus isolated reports through TxHSN in 2012, 55% tested sensitive to oxacillin/methicillin. NDM‐1, which stands for New Delhi metallo‐beta‐lactamase 1 has been considered to become a global public health problem, but is not detected in Texas. Though 4% of US hospitals had at least one patient with a CRE (carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae) infection during the first half of 2012, none were reported in Texas. In 2011, 1,325 cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported in Texas however, the total number of the antibiotic resistant form of TB among this population is not known. The implications of the discrepancy in the Annual Federal Prescription Drug retake program and lack of recycling of the prescription medicines (Antibiotics) in the evolution of antibiotic resistance shall be presented in the EB2014. Grant Funding Source: Professional Development Funds from SWTJC, Eagle Pass, Texas
Established in 1991, the Texas Clean Rivers Program (CRP) is a non‐profit regulatory program for managing and/or monitoring water quality issues at the watershed level, within the river basins in Texas. A systematic data query for antibiotics, their metabolic breakdown products (Chemical intermediates, Parent ‐ Daughter Transition Compounds), and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens on surface water quality monitoring database [http://www.tceq.texas.gov/waterquality/clean-rivers/data/samplequery.html], collected under a TCEQ‐approved quality assurance, conforms to the provisions of NELAP (National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program, July 2008). Storet queries for “Antibiotics” “Metabolic breakdown products of Antibiotics” , “Antibiotic Resistant bacterial pathogens”, and Antibiotic Resistant bacterial pathogens in fish tissues”, in the data base: http://www.tceq.texas.gov/waterquality/clean-rivers/data/storet.html for the period of 2000 ‐ 2012 shows no data on file for said queries. Similar data queries in the TWDB database at http://www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/data/index.asp shows no data on file. The implication on lack information or scant information on said quires, and also most recent theoretical projections on “Antibiotic Resistance in the United States in 2013 by Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a serious public health concerns. Lack of data analysis from the Water Quality data supporting the CDC&P claims shall be presented in the Experimental Biology of 2014. Grant Funding Source: Professional Developement Funds from SWTJC, Eagle Pass
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