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Investigation of bioactive compounds from the rhizomes of Kaempferia elegans led to the isolation and characterization of ten new diterpenoids, namely, five 12,13-seco-diterpenoids named elegansins A–E (1–5) and five new abietanes, elegansols A–E (6–10), together with seven known diterpenoids (11–17). The structure elucidation of the new compounds was achieved by HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD spectroscopic analysis. Compounds (1–5) are the first examples of 12,13-seco-diterpenoid-type compounds representing a decalin fused dihydropyran skeleton. Plausible biosynthetic pathways for compounds 1–5 are proposed. Aromatase inhibitory activities of all compounds were evaluated, and abieta-8,11,13-trien-11-ol (16) was found to be the most potent aromatase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.7 μM.

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