Pesq. Vet. Bras. 32(12):1345-1350, dezembro 2012 1345 RESUMO.-[Aparência anatômica e radiográϐica da cavidade torácica do macaco-prego (Cebus apella).] O macaco-prego é muito comum tanto no norte, quanto no sul da The capuchin monkey is widespread both north and south of the Legal Amazon and in the Brazilian cerrado. Ten clinically healthy capuchin monkeys were submitted to an anatomical and radiographic study of their thoracic cavities. The radiographic evaluation allowed the description of biometric values associated with the cardiac silhouette and thoracic structures. Application of the VHS (vertebral heart size) method showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with depth of the thoracic cavity, as well as between the body length of vertebrae T 3 , T 4 , T 5 and T 6 and the cardiac length and width. The lung ϐields showed a diffuse interstitial pattern, more visible in the caudal lung lobes and a bronchial pattern in the middle and cranial lung lobes. The radiographic examination allowed preliminary inferences to be made concerning the syntopy of the thoracic structures and modiϐication of the pulmonary patterns and cardiac anatomy for the capuchin monkey.INDEX TERMS: Capuchin monkey, brown capuchin, Cebus apella, radiography, wild animals, Amazon.Amazônia Legal e no cerrado brasileiro. Dez macacos-prego clinicamente saudáveis foram submetidos a um estudo anatômico e radiográϐico de suas cavidades torácicas. A avaliação radiográϐica permitiu a descrição de valores biométricos associados à silhueta cardíaca e estruturas torá-cicas. A aplicação do método de VHS (vertebral heart size) demonstrou correlação positiva (P <0,05) com a profundidade da cavidade torácica, assim como entre o comprimento do corpo de vértebras T3, T4, T5 e T6 e do comprimento e largura cardíaca. Os campos pulmonares apresentaram padrão intersticial difuso, mais visível nos lobos pulmonares caudais e um padrão brônquial em lobo pulmonar médio e cranial. O exame radiográϐico permitiu inferências preliminares a serem realizadas no âmbito da sintopia das estruturas torácicas e de modiϐicação dos padrões pulmonares e anatomia cardíaca para o macaco-prego.

RESUMO.-Atualmente os animais silvestres têm despertado o interesse particular na criação domestica. Na medicina de animais selvagens, os exames ultra-sonográficos podem ser considerados como ferramenta para diagnosticar e prevenir doenças. Deste modo, realizou-se um estudo em 20 jibóias (Boa constrictor), a fim de caracterizar a morfologia e aparência ultra-sonográfica das estruturas presentes da cavidade celomática desses animais. Ultra-sonograficamente, o fígado apresentou-se variando de hipoecóica a levemente hiperecogênica, com margens ecogênicas e ecotextura homogênea em toda sua extensão. Os rins mostraram formato elipsóide, com cápsula fina, regular e hiperecóica. Os folículos ovarianos apresentaram formato ovóide, margens finas, regulares e discretamente hiperecóicas. As estruturas do sistema reprodutor do macho não foram evidenciadas com precisão, devido a sua ecogenicidade similar em relação às Currently, wild animals have been received special attention for domestic breeding. In Wild Animal Medicine, ultrasonographic exams could be considered as a tool to diagnose and prevent disease. Ultrasonographic examination of twenty snakes (Boa constrictor) was performed in order to describe the morphological and ultrasonography appearance of their coelomic structures. Examination by ultrasonography revealed the parechymal liver ranging from slightly hypoechogenic to hyperechogenic, with echogenic margins and homogeneous echotexture in total scanning of this organ. The kidney was accessible for examination by sagittal ultrasound, showing an ellipsoid shape, a hyperechogenic capsule with a thin and regular wall. Ultrasonographic scanning of ovarian follicle showed an ovoid shape, as well as a thin, regular and slightly hyperechogenic edge. No evident structures from male reproductive system were identified by ultrasound examination because of their similar echogenic appearance to the tissues around and the "body fat" that lies in this region. Examination by ultrasound of the coelomic structures was a fast and repeatable technique, which provides useful data to recognize the morphology, sintopy and ultrasonographic appearance of organs such as liver, kidneys and vitellogenic follicles.INDEX TERMS: Boa constrictor snake, ultrasound, wild animals, Amazon.

Pesq. Vet. Bras. 33(Supl.1):8-14, dezembro 2013 8 RESUMO.-[Avaliação do eletrocardiograma em cutias (Dasyprocta primnolopha, Wagler 1831) não-anestesiadas clinicamente saudáveis.] A cutia é uma das espé-cies mais intensamente caçados em toda a Amazônia e as regiões semi-áridas do nordeste do Brasil. Considerando--se a tendência atual no manejo de animais silvestres em cativeiro, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os valores de referência para o coração cutia criadas em cativeiro, com base em avaliações do eletrocardiograma (ECG). Foram selecionadas cutias adultas e sem sinais clínicos de doença cardíaca (n=30). Os animais foram contidos fisicamente e, em seguida, o ECG foi realizado. Medições padronizadas foram tomadas para estabelecer a análise estatística dos dados. Análise do complexo QRS apresentou valores compatíveis com os relatórios pregressos em animais animais de companhia, assim como para os poucos dados disponí-veis para outras espécies selvagens e exóticas, com exceção da onda T, que mostrou amplitude semelhante à onda R em The agouti is one of the most intensely hunted species throughout the Amazon and the semiarid regions of north-eastern Brazil. Considering the current tendency of wild animal management in captivity, the objective of this study was to determine heart reference values for agouti raised in captivity, based on electrocardiographic assessments (ECG). Adult agouti were selected without clinical signs of heart disease (n=30). The animals were restrained physically and then the ECG was performed. Standardized measurements were taken to establish the statistical analysis of the data. Analysis of the QRS complex showed values compatible with previous reports in peer animals and the limited data available for other wild and exotic species, except for the T wave that showed similar amplitude to the R wave in all the animals studied. The data obtained provided the first reference values for ECG tracings in agouti, contributing to a better understanding of heart electrophysiology in identifying myocardial pathology in these animals. Electrocardiogram assessment in non-anaesthetized clinically healthy agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha, Wagler 1831) todos os animais estudados. Os dados obtidos permitiram a aquisição dos primeiros valores de referência para os traçados de ECG em cutias, contribuindo para uma melhor compreensão eletrofisiologia cardíaca, na identificação de miocardiopatia nesses animais.

Wild rodents, such as the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), guinea pig (Cavia aperea), and black-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) are intensely hunted throughout Amazonia and at the semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. To contribute to the preservation of these species, more information about their anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology is needed. The aim of this study was to standardize the vertebral heart scale (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) in clinically normal black-rumped agouti, as well as to compare the results of these two methods, which are commonly used to evaluate the cardiac silhouette in domestic animals. Twelve healthy black-rumped agoutis, divided into two groups (six males and six females), obtained from the Nucleus for Wild Animal Studies and Conservation at the Federal University of Piauí, were radiographed in right and left lateral and dorsoventral projections. The values of the VHS were 8.00±0.31v (the number of thoracic vertebral length spanned by each dimension, starting at T4) for males and 8.11±0.41v for females, and there was no statistical difference between the decubitus (right and left) or between males and females (P>0.05). The CTR mean values obtained were 0.51±0.03 for males, and 0.52±0.02 for females, and there was no statistical difference between the genders (P>0.05). However, there was positive correlation between VHS and CTR (r=0.77 right decubitus and r=0.82 left decubitus). The thoracic and heart diameter had mean values of 6.72±0.61 and 3.48±0.30 cm (males), and for the females, it was 6.61±0.51 and 3.5±0.30 cm, respectively, and there was statistical difference between the genders. The results demonstrated high correlation between the VHS and CTR producing similar results, indicating similar clinical precision for assessing the size of the cardiac silhouette in the black-rumped agoutis.

RESUMO.-A ultrassonografia é um método de diagnóstico por imagem que permite a avaliação de diferentes órgãos e estruturas corpóreas de maneira não invasiva. No entanto, a avaliação subjetiva das imagens caracteriza um dos grandes entraves na utilização desta técnica de diagnósti-co, havendo necessidade de mecanismos que minimizem a subjetividade do exame e a divergência na interpretação dos achados ultrassonográficos. Desta forma este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a ecogenicidade do parênquima e mediastino testicular de ovinos utilizando a técnica do histograma escala-cinza. Foram utilizados 30 animais divididos em três grupos de acordo com a faixa etária (FE): de três a seis meses (FE1), sete a 12 meses (FE2), 13 a 18 meses (FE3) e realizadas varreduras testiculares nos planos frontal, sagital e transversal, elaborando ao final um histo- Ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging method that allows a no invasive evaluation of different organs and body structures. However, the personal evaluation of images is one of the major hampers in using this technique. In order to reduce this drawback, it is necessary to find out tools that can help diminish the divergence in the interpretation of sonographic findings. Therefore, this study aimed to identify features of the parenchyma's and mediastinum's testis of sheep echogenicity using the technique of gray scale histogram. 30 animals were divided into three groups according to age (FE): three to six months (FE1), seven to 12 months (FE2), 13 to 18 months (FE3). The testicular scans were performed in the frontal, sagital and transverse views, and the gray scale histograms were analyzed. It was observed that such parenchymal as the mediastinum testis echogenicity gradually increased with the aging of the animals, with mean and standard deviation of 95.00±19.05 and 94.35±18.82 for the echogenicity parenchyma of the right and left antimere, respectively, and 127.95±12.97 to 126.59±11.78, for the right and the left mediastinum. The technique of gray scale histogram was an efficient method for determination of testicular echogenicity, enabling the establishment of normal standards that may assist future research in monitoring testicular development as well as for detecting pathologies. For exclusive regimes of extensive farming, as the western lowland region of Maranhão, is a valuable tool for use in social projects of the State to attend the family farm.

The black-rumped agouti ( Dasyprocta prymnolopha , Wagler 1831) is currently under intense ecologic pressure, which has resulted in its disappearance from some regions of Brazil. Echocardiography is widely used in veterinary medicine but it is not yet part of the clinical routine for wild animals. The objective of the present study was to assess the applicability of the echocardiographic exam in nonanesthetized agouti and to establish normal reference values for echocardiographic measurements in bidimensional mode (2D), M-mode, and Doppler for this species, and a lead II electrocardiogram was simultaneously recorded. Twenty agouti were used in this study. All the echocardiographic measurements were positively correlated with weight (P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between sexes (P > 0.05). Blood flow velocities in the pulmonary and aortic artery ranged from 67.32-71.28 cm/sec and 79.22-101.84 cm/sec, respectively. The isovolumic relaxation time was assessed in all the animals and ranged from 38.5 to 56.6 ms. The maximum value for the nonfused E and A waves and the Et and At waves was 158 beats/min for both. The results obtained for the morphologic and heart hemodynamic measurements can guide future studies and help in the clinical management of these animals in captivity.

RESUMO.-[Índice cardiotorácico e vertebral heart size (VHS) para a padronização do tamanho cardíaco do macaco-prego (Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758) em imagens radiográficas computadorizadas.] Para a avaliação do VHS e ICT foram utilizadas radiografias toráci-cas computadorizadas de 10 macacos-prego (05 machos e 05 fêmeas) clinicamente saudáveis, oriundos do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de São Luís-MA-CETAS. Foram tomadas radiografias em projeções laterolaterais e dorsoventrais, para cálculo do Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS) e Índice Cardiotorácico (ICT). O VHS evidenciou valores médios de 9,34±0,32v (machos) e 9,16±0,34v (fê-meas), não ocorrendo diferença estatística entre machos e fêmeas (p>0,05). O ICT evidenciou valores médios de 0,55±0,04 (machos) e de 0,52±0,03 (fêmeas), não sendo verificada diferença estatística entre sexos (p>0,05). Verificou-se correlação positiva entre VHS e ICT (r=0,78). Os diâmetros torácico e cardíaco demonstraram valores médios de 5,70±0,48cm e 3,16±0,40cm nos machos, The VHS and CTR were assessed using computerized thoracic radiographs of ten clinically healthy tufted capuchin monkeys (five males and five females) from the Wild Animal Screening Center in São Luís (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de São Luís-MA--CETAS). Radiographs were taken in laterolateral and dorsoventral projections to calculate the cardiothoracic ratio (VHS) and vertebral heart size (CTR). The VHS showed mean values of 9.34±0.32v (males) and 9.16±0.34v (females) and there was no statistical difference between males and females (p>0.05). The CTR showed mean values of 0.55±0.04 (males) and 0.52±0.03 (females) and there was no statistical difference between the sexes (p>0.05). There was positive correlation between VHS and CTR (r=0.78). The thoracic and heart diameters showed mean values of 5.70±0.48cm and 2.16±0.40cm in the males, respectively. In the females they measured 5.32±0.39cm and 2.94±0.32cm. There was no statistical difference between the sexes. Our results show that the high correlation found between VHS and CTR permitted the verification with similar clinical precision between the two methods to estimate alterations in the heart silhouette by radiographic examination of tufted capuchin, making it an easy technique to apply that can be considered in the investigation of heart problems for this wild species.

BackgroundBone defects caused by trauma, infection or tumor resection are common in orthopedic clinic and depending on the extent of the fracture; the vast majority require treatment with bone substitutes. Among the bone grafts employees, the autograft is defined as the gold standard, but with some limitations, principally related to morbidity at the site of its removal, with the need to search for other biomaterials as adjuvant in bone regeneration. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of Chenopodium ambrosioides as a bone graft substitute for the osseointegration of fractures in rabbits, compared to other bone grafts already employed in the surgical routine as Ricinus communis (castor oil) polyurethane and autogenous bone marrow.MethodsForty-eight rabbits were divided into four groups. After anesthesia, a radius fracture was created and the animals were treated with the following grafts: C. ambrosioides graft, autogenous bone marrow, castor oil and saline (control). After 30, 60 and 90 days, the animals were submitted to radiographical and histological analyses and bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, biomechanical tension, and collagen were measured. We also realized a phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity including 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical.ResultsThe data showed that the growth of the bone callus was more expressive and biomechanical assessment showed better tensile strength in C. ambrosioides graft. The experimental results also revealed that there was significantly greater activity of the bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin during early fracture healing, similarly to the group receiving autogenous bone marrow. Histologically, immature bone was observed in C. ambrosioides graft at 30 days, whereas the formation of cartilaginous tissue predominated in the other groups. A higher amount of type I collagen was observed in C. ambrosioides graft throughout treatment. It was detected strong presence of flavonoids and appreciable antioxidant activity.ConclusionsThe results indicate that C. ambrosioides graft and autogenous bone marrow have similar ability to enhance bone regeneration, higher than the castor oil graft, suggesting that the medicinal plant can provide therapeutic benefits for bone tissue.