India is considered to be the oral cancer capital of the world. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a multifactorial disease with tobacco and alcohol being considered major risk factors. However, there is a growing incidence of nonhabit (i.e., the absence of tobacco or alcohol) associated oral cancer. Difference is noted in demographics, site predilection, grade, and stage while comparing habit associated and nonhabit associated oral carcinoma. This warrants a need for a greater understanding of carcinogenesis without a known carcinogen. This case adds to the sparse existing scientific literature on oral cancer in nonhabitués and reviews the possible etiopathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease process.
Myofibroma is a rare benign spindle cell neoplasm in children that usually affects both soft tissue and bone in the head and neck region. Approximately one third of these cases are seen within jaw bones as solitary lesions. Solitary intra-osseous myofibroma of the jaw bone shares its clinical, radiographic and histological features with other spindle cell tumors. The rarity of this lesion can make diagnosis difficult for clinicians and pathologists. We report a case of a solitary intra-osseous myofibroma in the mandible of a nine-year-old child.
Objectives– Routine histopathological grading for salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) have failed to prognosticate these tumors, resulting in poor post-surgical outcomes. In developing countries, the lack of technologically advanced infrastructure curtails, efficient treatment modalities. This study aimed at determining if MUC4β can characterize salivary gland MEC and serve as a practical and inexpensive method to prognosticate salivary gland MEC.Materials and methods– Fifteen cases of archived paraffin embedded tissue blocks of mucoepidermoid carcinomas were reassessed for histopathological grading using Healey's system, modified by Batsakis and Luna and immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of MUC4β. Statistical analysis (Kappa statistics and Spearman's rho correlation coefficient) was performed to assess inter-observer reproducibility and to correlate the expression of MUC4β with the histopathological grade of the tumor.ResultsMUC4β expression is related to tumor differentiation in an inverse relationship. Two cases of high grade MEC were the exception to this rule.ConclusionOur study revealed that MUC4β alone cannot serve as a reliable prognostic marker due to its divergent tumor suppressor and oncogenic pathway. The role of MUC4β needs further evaluation and research so as to potentiate therapeutics depending upon its context dependent function, as a cancer marker or an oncogenic factor.
Zoonotic filarial infections particularly dirofilariasis have been reported worldwide. The route of transmission to human beings is vector-borne through mosquitoes. Increased mosquito activity subsequent to global warming has influenced the transmission of dirofilarial infection in many geographic regions, including Asia. Dirofilariasis presents as mucocutaneous and pulmonary infections. Dirofilarial infections rarely manifest in the oral and perioral region and can pose to be a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. We report the first case of oral dirofilariasis in Goa, India.
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