In vitro cytotoxicity assessment is indispensable in developing new biodegradable implant materials. Zn, which demonstrates an ideal corrosion rate between Mg-and Fe-based alloys, has been reported to have excellent in vivo biocompatibility. Therefore, modifications aimed at improving Zn's mechanical properties should not degrade its biological response. As sufficient strength, ductility and corrosion behavior required of load-bearing implants has been obtained in plastically deformed Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg, the effect of simultaneous Ag and Mg additions on in vitro cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties was studied, in relation to Zn and Zn-3Ag. Direct cell culture on samples and indirect extract-based tests showed almost no significant differences between the tested Zn-based materials. The diluted extracts of Zn, Zn-3Ag, and Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg showed no cytotoxicity toward MG-63 cells at a concentration of ≤12.5%. The cytotoxic effect was observed only at high Zn 2+ ion concentrations and when in direct contact with metallic samples. The highest LD 50 (lethal dose killing 50% of cells) of 13.4 mg/L of Zn 2+ ions were determined for the Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg. Similar antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was observed for Zn and Zn alloys, so the effect is attributed mainly to the released Zn 2+ ions exhibiting bactericidal properties. Most importantly, our experiments indicated the limitations of water-soluble tetrazolium salt-based cytotoxicity assays for direct
W artykule omówiono odkształcenia, jakim podlegają rury z materiałów o właściwościach lepkosprężystych pod wpływem ciśnienia wewnętrznego, w tym podczas ciśnieniowych prób szczelności. Omówiono wybraną procedurę prowadzenia próby szczelności oraz przedstawiono wyniki jej realizacji na przykładzie rur z poliamidu PA 12 o MOP 1,6 MPa. Słowa kluczowe: gazociąg, próba ciśnieniowa, rury z poliamidu PA 12. Pressure testing of plastic gas pipelines with a MOP of 1.6 MPa The article discusses the deformations to which pipes with viscoelastic materials proporties are subjected to under the influence of internal pressure, including during pressure tightness tests. The selected procedure for conducting the leak test was discussed and the results of its implementation on the example of polyamide PA12 pipes with MOP 1.6 MPa were presented.
Nowoczesne materiały i technologie do budowy gazociągów wysokiego ciśnienia oraz rurociągów technologicznych na terenach górniczych Na świecie dostępne są technologie rur kompozytowych do budowy gazociągów wysokiego ciśnienia, które mogą być również wykorzystane do budowy rurociągów technologicznych na terenach zakładów górniczych ropy i gazu. Stosowanie ich w Polsce ograniczone jest przepisami oraz brakiem warunków technicznych do ich projektowania, budowy i eksploatacji. W artykule przedstawiono analizę krajowych przepisów oraz aktualny stan w zakresie normalizacji. W oparciu o istniejące specyfikacje techniczne oraz przewidywane obciążenia i oddziaływania na rurociągi opracowano wstępne założenia do budowy sieci gazowych wysokiego ciśnienia i rurociągów technologicznych na obszarach poszukiwań ropy i gazu.Słowa kluczowe: gazociąg, rurociąg technologiczny, rury kompozytowe, nowoczesne technologie. Modern materials and technologies for the construction of high pressure gas pipelines and technological pipelines in mining areasComposite pipe technology for the construction of high pressure gas pipelines is available worldwide, which can also be used to construct technological pipelines in oil and gas mines. In Poland the use of such pipelines is limited by regulations and lack of technical conditions for their design, construction and operation. The article presents an analysis of national legislation and the current status of standardization. Based on the existing technical specifications and anticipated loads and impacts on pipelines, preliminary guidelines for the construction of high pressure gas networks and technological pipelines for the areas of oil and gas exploration was developed.
The production of biogas from biodegradable waste generated in all sectors of the economy in Poland is a key issue for the diversification of energy sources and climate neutrality. The biogas balances presented in the literature based on bio-waste often contain overly optimistic data, which in reality only represent the theoretical potential of biogas in Poland. The pragmatic approach presented in this study fills a gap in research by presenting a technical balance of biogas (real potential) that can be realistically achieved. The objective of the work was to perform a biogas balance in the context of electricity and heat generation in cogeneration units. The tests made it possible to estimate the technical potential of biogas, depending on the source of its generation, the possibility of its conversion to biomethane and biohydrogen and the methods of its use. The research results showed a 30% increase in biogas potential on an annual basis compared to the current state, resulting in a 29% increase in electricity production and a 28% increase in heat production. The technical potential of biogas was estimated at 2186.62 million m3, which would allow for the production of 4627.06 GWh of electricity and 1869.64 TG of heat. The technical balance of biogas and the potential energy production can serve as input material for developing plans and strategies for the development of renewable energy sources in Poland. The work is consistent with the issues of balancing the renewable energy resources from biogas and the methods of conversion into other energy carriers using sustainable energy transformations in order to optimise energy production processes.
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