A novel application of the Gini coefficient for expressing selectivity of kinase inhibitors against a panel of kinases is proposed. This has been illustrated using single-point inhibition data for 40 commercially available kinase inhibitors screened against 85 kinases. Nonselective inhibitors are characterized by Gini values close to zero (Staurosporine, Gini 0.150). Highly selective compounds exhibit Gini values close to 1 (PD184352 Gini 0.905). The relative selectivity of inhibitors does not depend on the ATP concentration.
Magnonics addresses the physical properties of spin waves and utilizes them for data processing. Scalability down to atomic dimensions, operation in the GHz-to-THz frequency range, utilization of nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, and compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the academic domain, the scientific and technological challenges of the field are being extensively investigated, and many proof-of-concept prototypes have already been realized in laboratories. This roadmap is a product of the collective work of many authors that covers versatile spin-wave computing approaches, conceptual building blocks, and underlying physical phenomena. In particular, the roadmap discusses the computation operations with Boolean digital data, unconventional approaches like neuromorphic computing, and the progress towards magnon-based quantum computing. The article is organized as a collection of sub-sections grouped into seven large thematic sections. Each sub-section is prepared by one or a group of authors and concludes with a brief description of current challenges and the outlook of further development for each research direction.
An efficient way for the control of spin wave propagation in a magnetic medium is the use of periodic patterns known as magnonic crystals (MCs). However, the fabrication of MCs especially bi-components, with periodicity on nanoscale, is a challenging task due to the requirement for sharp interfaces. An alternative method to circumvent this problem is to use homogeneous ferromagnetic film with modified periodically surrounding. The structure is also suitable for exploiting nonreciprocal properties of the surface spin waves. In this work, we demonstrate that the magnonic band structure forms in thin permalloy film due to dynamical magnetostatic coupling with Ni stripes near its surface. We show, that the band gap width can be systematically tuned by the changing interlayer thickness between film and stripes. We show also the effect of nonreciprocity, which is seen at the band gap edge shifted from the Brillouin zone boundary and also in nonreciprocal interaction of propagating spin waves in Py film with the standing spin waves in Ni stripes. Our findings open possibility for further investigation and exploitation of the nonreciprocity and band structure in magnonic devices.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.