Nurses exposure many risk factors in the hospital setting. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is a common health problem between work related disabilities and injuries in nurses. The aim of this review was to examine the prevalence of MSDs in nurses and also summarize risk factors, outcomes, solutions. An electronic search was conducted in Pub Med in January 2017. Publications in the last ten years were researched using the key words: "Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders" and "Nurses". The initial electronic search identified 111 papers. Some articles were excluded since they were not related to our study topic (7 articles were review, 15 of them were related to the roles of nurses in some musculoskeletal disorders, 14 articles were about nurses who working outside the hospital or new graduated/student, 28 articles addressed work related other health problems, 3 of them were related to hospital ergonomics and risk factors and 7 articles were interventions studies). Three papers were not reached to full text or abstract. The total number of remaining articles was 34 and all of them were included the study. It was considered that reported musculoskeletal disorders in nurses were limited to the past 12 months. It had been found that the prevalence of MSDs varied between 33.0% and 88.0%. The most commonly affected body regions were lower back, shoulder, neck, knees, wrists/hands. Lower back pain complaints were found to vary between 49.0% and 84.0%. The findings indicated that the work related musculoskeletal disorders associated with cumulative trauma and repetitive tasks included: lifting, transferring or repositioning, prolonged standing and also awkward postures (stooping, bending and reaching). These work-related health problems in nurses were significantly associated with age, gender, body mass index, ward, shift working and working in a hospital. Studies showed that musculoskeletal disorders were most seen among the operation room nurses and intensive care nurses. Also, MSDs were found to be the main causes of absenteeism, demanding a change of duty or job and visiting a physician. The MSDs was more prevalent occupational health problem among nurses. The prevalence of MSDs was associated with both demographic characteristics of nurses and hospitals' organizational factors. It was confirmed that making ergonomics interventions could improve the working environment in the hospital.

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IntroductionBreast cancer is the second most common cancer type in the world and the most common cancer type in women. The number of newly diagnosed breast cancers in 2012 was 1.67 million, and breast cancer makes up 25% of all types of cancer in women (1). According to the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of women who died of breast cancer worldwide in 2011 was 508 000. Breast cancer incidence increases as life expectancy increases, and urbanization and western lifestyles are adopted more and more in today's ever-developing world. It frequently occurs in both developed and less developed countries (2).As breast cancer incidence increases in most parts of the world, there are major disparities between poor and rich countries in this regard (3). Patients in undeveloped and less developed countries are diagnosed later compared with patients in developed countries. Diagnosis at a late stage decreases treatment options and increases mortality (4).Diagnosis in an advanced stage could occur because of patient-related as well as healthcare system-related reasons. Reasons such as lack of knowledge on symptoms, risk factors, and screening methods of breast cancer, cultural taboos regarding cancer treatment centers, and fear of hospitals are amongst reasons for patient-related latency. Although there is less information regarding healthcare system-related reasons, physicians' lack of knowledge on diagnosis and treatment and obstacles patients experience in reaching a physician or a hospital are considered amongst these reasons (5, 6).The negative effects of breast cancer on women's health are multidimensional. Problems that arise based on cancer treatment, problems about family and occupational life, and uncertainties toward life in the future influence the individual's physical and psychologic health negatively. Therefore, making emotional and social support attempts during the duration of the disease is of vital importance (7). Materials and Methods:The study included 200 patients with breast cancer who were treated at the chemotherapy unit during 2013 and 2014.Results: The mean age of the patients was 51.16±1.10 years and 60% of the women were graduates of elemantary school. The majority of patients (69.5%) noticed breast mass as the first symptom and 56.5% were diagnosed at later stages. Thirty-four percent of the patients delayed their visit to a health care centers after realizing the first symptom. No statistically significant relationship was determined between women's education level, residential area, age, the first symptom noticed, stages of tumor, and patients and system-related delay (p>0.05). In terms of family history of breast cancer, there was a significant difference between patient-related and system-related delays (p<0.05). The family support score (24.8±4.6) was higher than those of friends and husbands (23.8±5.5, 21.3±6.4, respectively). The husband support score was statistically different in terms of intimacy between women and their husbands after disease (p<0.001). Conclusi...

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