$EVWUDFW Until now, no third gradient theory has been proposed to describe the homogenized energy associated with a microscopic structure. In this paper, we prove that this is possible using pantographic-type structures. Their deformation energies involve combinations of nodal displacements having the form of secondorder or third-order finite differences. We establish the K-convergence of these energies to second and third gradient functionals. Some mechanical examples are provided so as to illustrate the special features of these homogenized models.

Abstract--We establish the equations of motion of an isothermal viscous Cahn-Hilliard fluid and we investigate the dynamics of fluids having moving contact lines under this theory. The force singularity arising in the classical model of capillarity is no longer present. This removal is due to a mass transfer across the interface combined with a finite thickness of the interface. A numerical simulation of the flow in the immediate vicinity of the contact line shows the connection between the static contact angle, the dynamic angle and points out the influence of the velocity.

Navier-Cauchy format for Continuum Mechanics is based on the concept of contact interaction between subbodies of a given continuous body. In this paper it is shown how -by means of the Principle of Virtual Powers-it is possible to generalize Cauchy representation formulas for contact interactions to the case of N-th gradient continua, i.e. continua in which the deformation energy depends on the deformation Green-Saint-Venant tensor and all its N-1 order gradients. In particular, in this paper the explicit representation formulas to be used in N-th gradient continua to determine contact interactions as functions of the shape of Cauchy Cuts are derived. It is therefore shown that i) these interactions must include edge (i.e. concentrated on curves) and wedge (i.e. concentrated on points) interactions, and ii) these interactions cannot reduce simply to forces: indeed the concept of K-forces (generalizing similar concepts introduced by Rivlin, Mindlin, Green and Germain) is fundamental and unavoidable in the theory of N-th gradient continua.

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Homogenization may change fundamentally the constitutive laws of materials. We show how a heterogeneous Cauchy continuum may lead to a non Cauchy continuum. We study the effective properties of a linear elastic medium reinforced periodically with thin parallel fibers made up of a much stronger linear elastic medium and we prove that, when the Lamé coefficients in the fibers and the radius of the fibers have appropriate order of magnitude, the effective material is a second gradient material, i.e. a material whose energy depends on the second gradient of the displacement.