HER2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor causally involved in cancer. A subgroup of breast cancer patients with particularly poor clinical outcomes expresses a heterogeneous collection of HER2 carboxy-terminal fragments (CTFs). However, since the CTFs lack the extracellular domain that drives dimerization and subsequent activation of full-length HER2, they are in principle expected to be inactive. Here we show that at low expression levels one of these fragments, 611-CTF, activated multiple signaling pathways because of its unanticipated ability to constitutively homodimerize. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that 611-CTF specifically controlled the expression of genes that we found to be correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Among the 611-CTF-regulated genes were several that have previously been linked to metastasis, including those for MET, EPHA2, matrix metalloproteinase 1, interleukin 11, angiopoietin-like 4, and different integrins. It is thought that transgenic mice overexpressing HER2 in the mammary glands develop tumors only after acquisition of activating mutations in the transgene. In contrast, we show that expression of 611-CTF led to development of aggressive and invasive mammary tumors without the need for mutations. These results demonstrate that 611-CTF is a potent oncogene capable of promoting mammary tumor progression and metastasis.HER2 (ErbB2) is a type I transmembrane protein that belongs to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB1, HER1) family. Two additional members, HER3 and -4 (ErbB3 and -4), complete this family. When an EGF-like ligand binds to HER1, -3, or -4, its extracellular domain adopts the socalled open conformation, which allows the formation of homo-or heterodimers (5). Despite not binding any ligand, HER2 readily interacts with other ligand-bound HER receptors because its extracellular domain is constitutively in an open conformation (10).At the cell surface, dimerization of the extracellular domains leads to interaction between the intracellular kinases of the HER receptors and subsequent transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the C-terminal tails. The phosphotyrosines act as docking sites for proteins that initiate signals which are transduced to the nucleus through different pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphoinositide-3-kinase-activated Akt, Src, and phospholipase C gamma (PLCgamma) pathways. These signaling circuitries control the expression of target genes that act coordinately to modify key aspects of cellular biology, including proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation (7).In addition to the canonical mode, HER receptors or fragments of them are capable of direct signaling. For example, a nuclear carboxy-terminal fragment (CTF) encompassing the entire cytoplasmic domain of HER4 has been shown to regulate gene transcription (22,39). The CTF of HER4 is generated at the plasma membrane by the sequential action of two types of proteolytic enzymes known as the alpha-and gammasecretases. Alpha-secre...
Senescence, a terminal cell proliferation arrest, can be triggered by oncogenes. Oncogene-induced senescence is classically considered a tumor defense barrier. However, several findings show that, under certain circumstances, senescent cells may favor tumor progression because of their secretory phenotype. Here, we show that the expression in different breast epithelial cell lines of p95HER2, a constitutively active fragment of the tyrosine kinase receptor HER2, results in either increased proliferation or senescence. In senescent cells, p95HER2 elicits a secretome enriched in proteases, cytokines, and growth factors. This secretory phenotype is not a mere consequence of the senescence status and requires continuous HER2 signaling to be maintained. Underscoring the functional relevance of the p95HER2-induced senescence secretome, we show that p95HER2-induced senescent cells promote metastasis in vivo in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Cancer Res; 73(1); 450-8. Ó2012 AACR.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.