Studies of inositol lipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC) have elucidated the main regulatory pathways for PLCbeta and PLCgamma but the regulation of PLCdelta isoenzymes still remains obscure. Here we demonstrate that an increase in Ca2+ ion concentration within the physiological range (0.1-10 microM) is sufficient to stimulate PLCdelta1, but not PLCgamma1 and PLCbeta1, to hydrolyse cellular inositol lipids present in permeabilized cells. The activity of PLCdelta1 is further enhanced in the presence of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PI-TP). Both full activation by Ca2+ ions and stimulation in the presence of PI-TP require an intact PH domain involved in the membrane attachment of PLCdelta1. The physiological implication of this study is that PLCdelta1 could correspond to a previously uncharacterized PLC responsible for Ca2+ ion-stimulated inositol lipid hydrolysis observed in many cellular systems.

Catecholamines and α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) cause cardiac hypertrophy in cultured myocytes and transgenic mice, but heart size is normal in single KOs of the main α1-AR subtypes, α1A/C and α1B. Here we tested whether α1-ARs are required for developmental cardiac hypertrophy by generating α1A/C and α1B double KO (ABKO) mice, which had no cardiac α1-AR binding. In male ABKO mice, heart growth after weaning was 40% less than in WT, and the smaller heart was due to smaller myocytes. Body and other organ weights were unchanged, indicating a specific effect on the heart. Blood pressure in ABKO mice was the same as in WT, showing that the smaller heart was not due to decreased load. Contractile function was normal by echocardiography in awake mice, but the smaller heart and a slower heart rate reduced cardiac output. α1-AR stimulation did not activate extracellular signal–regulated kinase (Erk) and downstream kinases in ABKO myocytes, and basal Erk activity was lower in the intact ABKO heart. In female ABKO mice, heart size was normal, even after ovariectomy. Male ABKO mice had reduced exercise capacity and increased mortality with pressure overload. Thus, α1-ARs in male mice are required for the physiological hypertrophy of normal postnatal cardiac development and for an adaptive response to cardiac stress

An α 1 -adrenergic receptor (α 1 -AR) antagonist increased heart failure in the Antihypertensive and LipidLowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), but it is unknown whether this adverse result was due to α 1 -AR inhibition or a nonspecific drug effect. We studied cardiac pressure overload in mice with double KO of the 2 main α 1 -AR subtypes in the heart, α 1A (Adra1a) and α 1B (Adra1b). At 2 weeks after transverse aortic constriction (TAC), KO mouse survival was only 60% of WT, and surviving KO mice had lower ejection fractions and larger end-diastolic volumes than WT mice. Mechanistically, final heart weight and myocyte cross-sectional area were the same after TAC in KO and WT mice. However, KO hearts after TAC had increased interstitial fibrosis, increased apoptosis, and failed induction of the fetal hypertrophic genes. Before TAC, isolated KO myocytes were more susceptible to apoptosis after oxidative and β-AR stimulation, and β-ARs were desensitized. Thus, α 1 -AR deletion worsens dilated cardiomyopathy after pressure overload, by multiple mechanisms, indicating that α 1 -signaling is required for cardiac adaptation. These results suggest that the adverse cardiac effects of α 1 -antagonists in clinical trials are due to loss of α 1 -signaling in myocytes, emphasizing concern about clinical use of α 1 -antagonists, and point to a revised perspective on sympathetic activation in heart failure.

ARF and PITP restore secretory function in cytosol-depleted cells when stimulated with GTP gamma S plus Ca2+. We have previously shown that PITP participates in the synthesis of PIP2. In comparison, ARF1 activates PLD, producing PA, which is a known activator of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5 kinase, the enzyme responsible for PIP2 synthesis. We propose that ARF and PITP both restore exocytosis by a common mechanism-promoting PIP2 synthesis.

Commercial antibodies are used widely to quantify and localize the α1-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes, α1A, α1B, and α1D. We tested ten antibodies, from abcam and Santa Cruz, using western blot with heart and brain tissue from wild-type (WT) mice and mice with systemic knockout (KO) of one or all three subtypes. We found that none of the antibodies detected a band in WT that was absent in the appropriate KO or in the KO that was null for all α1-ARs (ABDKO). We conclude that the antibodies we tested are not specific for α1-ARs. These results raise caution with prior studies using these reagents. For now, competition radioligand binding is the only reliable approach to quantify the α1-AR subtype proteins. Receptor protein localization remains a challenge.