In the period from 1923 to 1986 our pathologists examined pathologic material from 102 patients with alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS). Followup clinical data is available for 91. Median followup is 7 years (range 1 month to 27 years). Local recurrence was only found if residual disease was left at the time of the original excision. Survival in those patients who presented without metastases was 77% at 2 years, 60% at 5 years, 38% at 10 years and 15% at 20 years (median 6 years). No survival advantage could be demonstrated for patients who received chemo and/or radiotherapy, although numbers are small and staging not uniform. An evaluation by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry cannot confirm recent claims that ASPS is a muscle tumor. ASPS is an unusual neoplasm; the primary therapeutic option is aggressive surgical excision. Survival even with the development of metastases can be long.
One hundred seventy-six canine lymphomas were classified morphologically using four of the major human lymphoma classification schemes (Rappaport, Lukes-Collins, Kiel, and the Working Formulation). All 176 dogs received the same chemotherapeutic protocol. Sixty-two of these lymphomas had their immunophenotypes established by examination of cell surface markers by automated cytofluorography. Several different morphologic types of canine lymphoma were identified and these were comparable to morphologic categories in human classification schemes. Follicular and low grade lymphomas were rare. The two most common morphologic types were diffuse large cell (centroblastic) and immunoblastic. The Kiel classification appeared to be the most useful human scheme for classifying the canine lymphomas. Cytofluorographic analysis was generally straightforward, and 60 of the 62 lymphomas were placed into one of three immunophenotypic categories: 27 pan-T(LQ1)+SIg+, 21 pan-T(LQ1)-SIg+, and 12 pan-T(LQ1)+SIg-. Two of the lymphomas could not be characterized immunologically because a pre-existing or reactive non-neoplastic population of lymphocytes made interpretation of single cell suspension analysis difficult. The authors identified correlations between morphology and survival and disease-free remission; dogs with high-grade tumors generally survived the longest and had the longest remissions. No correlations were identified between high concentrations of serum lactate dehydrogenase, age, sex, or stage of disease, and morphology, immunophenotype, remission, or survival times. A significant correlation between clinical illness and survival time was documented. The median age of the dogs was nine years, no significant effect of sex on prevalence was observed, and some breeds were significantly overrepresented. Significant morphologic-immunophenotypic correlations included shorter remission and survival times for T-cell tumors than B-cell tumors, and a highly significant correlation between the pan-T(LQ1)+SIg-"T cell" phenotype and hypercalcemia.
Three speakers read aloud meaningful grammatical English sentences at a fast rate. Some of these sentences contained common maxims and stereotyped phrases. Other sentences which were less familiar contained, in similar phonetic environments, certain test words that also occurred in the stereotyped sentences. The test words were “excised”, i.e., gated out of all the sentences, and listening tests were performed by 43 listeners. Quite apart from these listening tests two operational measures of redundancy were derived. One measure was based on a Markovian model of perception and readers were asked to guess what word n would be after they had read all the words through word n–1 in a sentence. The second measure was based on the hypothesis that people reserve their final decision on the recognition of each word until they perceive an entire sentence. Readers read an entire sentence in the midst of which a word was represented by a dash. They were then asked to guess what the missing word was. Two groups of thirty readers each performed these written tests on the sentences from which the test words had been excised. Indexes of redundancy were computed for each test word from the percent of correct guesses that occurred for the two written tests. The results of the listening tests show that the intelligibility of the excised words is inversely proportional to the redundancy index obtained from the total sentence context. Two acoustic correlates of linguistic stress (duration and amplitude) were measured for each excised word. Stress is also apparently inversely proportional to the sentence context redundancy measure. The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that both the acoustic realization and auditory perception of a given word in a meaningful sentence may be a function of the speaker's and listener's knowledge of the semantic and grammatical information contained in the entire sentence. The experimental results also indicate that, in some circumstances, a listener may be able to identify a word only after he adapts to the speaker's voice.
Twenty-five English noun-verb pairs, differing principally in their stress patterns, were recorded by 16 native speakers of American English. The fundamental frequency, relative amplitude, duration, and integral of the amplitude with respect to time of the stressed and unstressed syllables were measured and related to the aurally perceptible stress patterns. The relative value of these factors as cues to such patterns varied with different speakers, but it was found that certain “trading effects” offset a lack of differentiation in one acoustic dimension by changes, coherent with the perceptual stress pattern, in another dimension. A simple binary automatic stress recognition program, based on the redundancies inherent in the acoustic correlates and trading effects, was then devised. The stress judgments made with this program agreed with the perceived patterns 99.2%
Abstract. One hundred ten primary hepatic neoplasms, excluding hematopoietic and vascular tumors, were diagnosed in 12,245 canine necropsies. Included were 55 hepatocellular carcinomas, 24 bile duct carcinomas, 2 combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinomas, 15 carcinoids and 14 sarcomas. A majority of the dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma (80%), bile duct carcinoma (65%) and sarcoma (61%) were 10 years old or older; 71% of the dogs with carcinoid were under 10 years old. Hepatocellular carcinoma and sarcoma occurred more often in males, bile duct carcinoma in females, and no sex predisposition was found in dogs with carcinoid. All dogs had hematologic and biochemical abnormalities relating to liver function. The aspartate amino transferase/alanine amino transferase ratio was less than one in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and bile duct carcinoma, and more than one in cases of carcinoid and sarcoma. A massive lesion in one of the liver lobes was the most common gross morphologic feature in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and bile duct carcinoma, with the left lateral lobe affected most often. In cases of carcinoid, most of the lesions were diffuse. The most common sites of metastases were lymph nodes and lungs for hepatocellular carcinoma and bile duct carcinoma, lymph nodes and peritoneum for carcinoid, and spleen for sarcoma.Neoplasms of the liver and biliary tracts are uncommon in domestic animals [3,6,15,16,22,23,26,31, 361. Frequency in the dog vanes from 0.6% to 1.3% of all neoplasms [6,9,15,16,18,31,33]. Only a few studies deal with the clinicopathologic features of a large number of canine primary hepatic neoplasms [4, 12,14,15,28,31,331. Materials and MethodsCase records and histologic specimens from dogs with hepatic neoplasms seen between 1962 and 1977 at The Animal Medical Center were reviewed. AU cases with enough slides to confirm the diagnosis were included in the study. Details of the 110 dogs' clinical and gross pathologic fmdings were collected from the medical and necropsy records. Because neoplasms arising from the hematopoietic and vascular systems usually involve several organs, they were excluded from this study. Hepatocellular adenoma, intrahepatic bile duct adenoma and bile duct cyst adenoma also were excluded because of their high frequency and because of the difficulty in distinguishing between nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma.The hepatic neoplasms were grouped under hepatocellular carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, 553
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