Polyploidization is one of the most crucial pathways in introducing speciation and broadening biodiversity, especially in the Plant Kingdom. Although the majority of studies have focused only on allopolyploid or disomic polyploids, polysomic polyploid species have occurred frequently in higher plants. Due to the occurrence of the capabilities of more copies of alleles in a locus which can have additive dosage effects and/or allelic interactions, polysomic polyploids can lead to unique gene regulations to silence or adjust the expression level to create variations in organ size, metabolic products, and abiotic stress tolerance and biotic stress resistance, etc. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the contemporary understanding and findings concerning the molecular mechanisms of gene expression as well as gene regulation in natural typed and resynthesized polysomic polyploid plants. The review investigates the molecular level of phenomena in polysomic polyploid plants such as 1) typically enlarging organ size and stabilizing meiosis, 2) increasing phytochemical content and metabolic products, 3) enhancing the ability to adapt with biotic and abiotic stress, and 4) changing in gene regulation to silence or adjust the expression levels involve in sequence elimination, methylation, gene suppression, subfunctionalization, neo-functionalization, and transposon activation.
The Government has promulgated the "Strategy to develop the banking industry in Vietnam to 2025, with orientation to 2030," The strategic perspective on the development of Vietnam's banking system plays an essential role in the financial system. Credit institutions or commercial banks are treated equally, compete following the law, operate autonomously, and take self-responsibility. In the past time, although the human resource of the credit institution system has improved significantly, the Government still sets a requirement to focus on developing human resources of the banking industry to ensure the completion of strategic goals. The article outlines several limitations and inadequacies in human resources of commercial banks, thereby proposing some solutions to develop human resources of commercial banks to successfully implement the development strategy of the banking industry to 2025 and orientation to 2030.
It is commonly known that polyploidization has become one of major forces for a speciation and evolution, especially with evolutionary fixed potential agronomic traits in plants. Although several studies demonstrate that allopolyploid plants were successful in developing novel crops, autopolyploid ones are also more substantial and worth exploring. Obviously, autopolyploid development via sexual or asexual pathways can lead to advantages in biomass, changing process of development, and lots of benefits on coping with climate changes do not comprehend as a whole. This review shed light on 1) gaining gigantic effect and increasing phytochemical content; 2) enhancing biotic and abiotic tolerance to adapt to climate change; 3) changing in process of development; 4) adapting ecology. Based on these benefits, this review provides breeders with several choices when they need in the breeding strategies. Also further review on prospects of polyploidy potato in food security is concerned.
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