An unusual dip (compared to higher plant behaviour under comparable light conditions) in chlorophyll fluorescence induction (FI) at about 0.2-2 s was observed for thalli of several lichen species having Trebouxia species (the most common symbiotic green algae) as their native photobionts and for Trebouxia species cultured separately in nutrient solution. This dip appears after the usual O(J)IP transient at a wide range of excitation light intensities (100-1800 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)). Simultaneous measurements of FI and 820-nm transmission kinetics (I(820)) with lichen thalli showed that the decreasing part of the fluorescence dip (0.2-0.4 s) is accompanied by a decrease of I(820), i.e., by a reoxidation of electron carriers at photosystem I (PSI), while the subsequent increasing part (0.4-2 s) of the dip is not paralleled by the change in I(820). These results were compared with that measured with pea leaves-representatives of higher plants. In pea, PSI started to reoxidize after 2-s excitation. The simultaneous measurements performed with thalli treated with methylviologen (MV), an efficient electron acceptor from PSI, revealed that the narrow P peak in FI of Trebouxia-possessing lichens (i.e., the I-P-dip phase) gradually disappeared with prolonged MV treatment. Thus, the P peak behaves in a similar way as in higher plants where it reflects a traffic jam of electrons induced by a transient block at the acceptor side of PSI. The increasing part of the dip in FI remained unaffected by the addition of MV. We have found that the fluorescence dip is insensitive to antimycin A, rotenone (inhibitors of cyclic electron flow around PSI), and propyl gallate (an inhibitor of plastid terminal oxidase). The 2-h treatment with 5 microM nigericin, an ionophore effectively dissipating the pH-gradient across the thylakoid membrane, did not lead to significant changes either in FI nor I(820) kinetics. On the basis of the presented results, we suggest that the decreasing part of the fluorescence dip in FI of Trebouxia-lichens reflects the activation of ferredoxin-NADP(+)-oxidoreductase or Mehler-peroxidase reaction leading to the fast reoxidation of electron carriers in thylakoid membranes. The increasing part of the dip probably reflects a transient reduction of plastoquinone (PQ) pool that is not associated with cyclic electron flow around PSI. Possible causes of this MV-insensitive PQ reduction are discussed.

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Monitoring of physical properties of terrestrial lakes belongs to one of key research activities performed by Czech scientists at James Ross Island. Throughout 2011, water temperature was measured and recorded by dataloggers in 1 h interval in two Antarctic lakes of different size and morphology. The first lake is a large shallow one located in a depression of sedimentary rock (Lachman Lake 1) at the altitude of 10 m a.s.l. Lake Dulanek, the second one, is typical small-area water body located on stony glacier surface at the altitude of 220 m a.s.l. Dulanek Lake, thanks to higher altitude, remained frozen for longer period (274 d) of austral winter than Lachman Lake 1 (205 d). Presence of thick snow cover over Dulanek lake during winter period, however, caused higher values of winter minimal temperature (-17.5°C) than those recorded for Lachman lake 1 (several periods below-20.0°C). Mean annual temperature reached-4.6°C and-5.2°C for Lake Dulanek, and Lachman Lake 1, respectively. Shorter summer season accompanied by lower water temperature in Lake Dulanek however, did not bring unfovourable conditions for growth and reproduction of autotrophic organisms. Biomass of autotrophic organisms found in Lake Dulanek was quite high.