Communication and player management are integral to effective sport officiating, but most research has focused on physical performance and decision making. The few previous studies of officiating communication tended to use “transmission” conceptualizations of communication (e.g., decision communication, impression management). Eleven officiating-development managers and coaches from 7 peak Australian sport bodies were interviewed to explore conceptualizations of communication and player management, the way officials improve, and the role of the sport bodies in improvement. Four salient themes emerged in conceptualizations of effective officiating communication and player management: personal qualities of the official, 1-way-communication direction giving and impression management, situation monitoring (interpreting player and context), and skilled interaction (adapting communication appropriately for context). The findings highlight a mismatch between (a) interpretive and interactive communication skills perceived to be most important and challenging and (b) the training that is currently provided to officials. There was general commonality in practice and training issues across sport codes. The article makes theoretical contributions to the study of sport-official communication and practical recommendations for improving approaches to training skilled communication and player management.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how upstream social marketing may benefit from social media citizensourcing and improve understanding of community preferences and attitudes to policy. Using the case of shark management in New South Wales, Australia, this paper aims to understand community attitudes toward shark management policy-making and policymakers. Design/methodology/approach In February 2017, more than 11,200 comments were sourced from Facebook and Twitter using Netvizz, a data extraction tool. To analyze these comments, the study used an abductive framework using social marketing, wildlife and coexistence and policy literature, to determine context, themes and sub-themes. This was combined with Appraisal, a systemic functional linguistics framework, advocating a social reference for coding and analyzing community attitudes and preference. Findings Preferences for non-lethal measures over lethal or potentially lethal measures were noted, with new technologies highly favored. The online communities wanted a policy that was respectful of human and marine life and focused on patrolled or popular beaches. The main negative comments made related to perceived knee-jerk reactions and poor communication surrounding decision-making. People held little confidence in politicians’ skills and abilities to solve complex and multi-faceted problems, demanding less top-down decision-making and greater community input into policy formation. Practical implications This approach could assist upstream social marketers better understand social and community attitudes and preferences toward policy. Originality/value The study demonstrated that listening to community through digital channels can assist upstream social marketing understand community preferences and attitudes to policies and the policy-making process. Using abduction further broadens the perspective of the researchers in assigning meaning to commentary.
10Communication is central to managing perceptions of fairness and performance in sport officiating. Most of the 11 few studies that focus on sport official communication have been limited to 'one-way' impressions and decision 12 communication and tend to neglect more dynamic, dialogic interactions with players. This study explored sport 13 officials' identity concerns and motivations and ways officials adapt and accommodate 'face' in interactions with 14 players. Design: Qualitative methodology Method: Video elicitation interviews using an allo-confrontation 15 approach were conducted with 8 male and 6 female sport officials from 7 different team sports representing 16 novice to professional levels. Goffman's (1959; 1967) dramaturgical sociology of interaction was used to frame 17 identity projections and context in officials' communication management strategies. Findings: Analysis of 18 interview transcripts revealed three distinct ways officials' face concerns emerge and are managed in 19 interactions with players including (1) anticipating players' reactions and modifying presentation of self, (2) 20 asserting and preserving the officials' own face, and (3) giving and restoring players' face. When incompatible 21 interactional exchanges occur in sport matches, officials use different defensive and corrective face-work 22 strategies to assert, re-establish, or appropriate face statuses for themselves and players. Conclusions: The 23 findings highlight the importance of dynamics and context in sport official communication. They also emphasise 24 the need to maintain relationships, preserve and protect identities, whilst being strategic in interactions with 25 players. We conclude that new conceptualisations are needed in sport official communication to build on 26 current 'one-way' concepts that dominate officiating research and training.27 28
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