Epithelial neutrophil-activating protein 78 (ENA-78) is a member of the CXC chemokines and acts as a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophil function. On stimulation in vitro, ENA-78 is highly expressed in many cell types. ENA-78 protein levels are strongly elevated in synovial fluid and blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. By in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining, ENA-78 has been recognized as a major CXC chemokine expressed in epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and acute appendicitis. A high expression of ENA-78 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) was also observed in the exocrine tissue of patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). It is interesting to note that expression of IP-10, MIP-1alpha, and MCP-1 is high in healthy pancreatic tissue but low in tissue of patients with CP, suggesting a mutually exclusive expression of the ELR-CXC vs. non-ELR-CXC/CC chemokines. High-resolution studies of intracellular chemokines has revealed specific immunoreactivity for ENA-78 associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of many cell types. In contrast, GROalpha immunoreactivity was exclusively localized in the nucleus. Despite their common effects on neutrophil functions, the differential intracellular localization of ENA-78 and GROalpha suggests additional roles for these two chemokines in normal cell biology.

a b s t r a c tIn interface development, it is crucial to reflect the users' expectations and mental models. By meeting users' expectations, errors can be prevented and the efficiency of the interaction can be enhanced. Applying these guidelines to website development reveals the need to know where users expect to find the most common web objects like the search field, home button or the navigation. In a preliminary online study with 136 participants, the most common web objects were identified for three web page types: online shops, news portals, and company web pages. These objects were used for the main study, which was conducted with 516 participants. In an online application, prototypical websites had to be constructed by the participants. Data analysis showed that Internet users have distinct mental models for different web page types (online shop, news portal, and company web page). Users generally agree about the locations of many, but not all, web objects. These mental models are robust to demographic factors like gender and web expertise. This knowledge could be used to improve the perception and usability of websites.

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Guidelines for designing usable interfaces recommend reducing short term memory load. Cognitive load, that is, working memory demands during problem solving, reasoning, or thinking, may affect users' general satisfaction and performance when completing complex tasks. Whereas in design guidelines numerous ways of reducing cognitive load in interactive systems are described, not many attempts have been made to measure cognitive load in Web applications, and few techniques exist. In this study participants' cognitive load was measured while they were engaged in searching for several products in four different online book stores. NASA-TLX and dual-task methodology were used to measure subjective and objective mental workload. The dual-task methodology involved searching for books as the primary task and a visual monitoring task as the secondary task. NASA-TLX scores differed significantly among the shops. Secondary task reaction times showed no significant differences between the four shops. Strong correlations between NASA-TLX, primary task completion time, and general satisfaction suggest that NASA-TLX can be used as a valuable additional measure of efficiency. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between browse/search preference and NASA-TLX as well as between search/browse preference and user satisfaction. Thus we suggest browse/search preference as a promising heuristic assessment method of cognitive load.

Online form validation can be performed in several ways. This article discusses two empirical studies with 77 and 90 participants, which have found evidence that the best way of presenting error messages is to provide the erroneous fields after users have completed the whole form. Immediate error feedback recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) showed the worst performance in these studies. Where presented with immediate feedback, users often simply ignored the messages on the screen and continued completing the form as if nothing happened. These results lead to the postulation of the ''Modal Theory of Form Completion'': Users are in either ''Completion'' or ''Revision Mode'' when filling out online forms. These modes affect the users' way of interaction with the system: During Completion Mode the users' disposition to correct mistakes is reduced, therefore error messages are often ignored.