BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition reduces the risk of hospitalisation for heart failure and for death in patients with symptomatic heart failure. However, trials investigating the effects of this drug class in patients following acute myocardial infarction are lacking. METHODS In this academic, multicentre, double-blind trial, patients (n = 476) with acute myocardial infarction accompanied by a large creatine kinase elevation (>800 U/L) were randomly assigned to empagliflozin 10 mg or matching placebo once-daily within 72 hours of percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary outcome was the N-terminal pro-hormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) change over 26 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in echocardiographic parameters. RESULTS Baseline median (interquartile range) NT-proBNP was 1,294 (757–2,246) pg/ml. NT-proBNP reduction was significantly greater in the empagliflozin group, compared with placebo, being 15% lower (95% confidence interval [CI] -4.4% to -23.6%) after adjusting for baseline NT-proBNP, sex and diabetes status (p = 0.026). Absolute left ventricular ejection fraction improvement was significantly greater (1.5%, 95% CI 0.2% to 2.9%, p = 0.029), mean E/e’ reduction was 6.8% (95% CI 1.3% to 11.3%, p = 0.015) greater, and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were lower by 7.5 ml (95% CI 3.4 to 11.5 ml, p = 0.0003) and 9.7 ml (95% CI 3.7 to 15.7 ml, p = 0.0015), respectively, in the empagliflozin group, compared with placebo. Seven patients were hospitalised for heart failure (three in the empagliflozin group). Other predefined serious adverse events were rare and did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a recent myocardial infarction, empagliflozin was associated with a significantly greater NT-proBNP reduction over 26 weeks, accompanied by a significant improvement in echocardiographic functional and structural parameters.

Aims: To investigate the seroconversion following first and second COVID-19 vaccination in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in relation to glycaemic control prior to vaccination and to analyse the response in comparison to individuals without diabetes.Materials and methods: This prospective, multicentre cohort study analysed people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and a glycated haemoglobin level ≤58 mmol/mol (7.5%) or >58 mmol/mol (7.5%), respectively, and healthy controls. Roche's Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay targeting the receptor-binding domain was used to quantify anti-spike protein antibodies 7 to 14 days after the first and 14 to 21 days after the second vaccination.Results: A total of 86 healthy controls were enrolled in the study, as well as 161 participants with diabetes, of whom 150 (75 with type 1 diabetes and 75 with type 2 diabetes) were eligible for the analysis. After the first vaccination, only 52.7% of participants in the type 1 diabetes group and 48.0% of those in the type 2 diabetes Caren Sourij, Norbert J. Tripolt and Faisal Aziz contributed equally and are joint first authors.Ivo Steinmetz and Harald Sourij contributed equally and are joint last authors.

No abstract

A 25% reduction in usual IDeg dose around regular exercise led to more time spent in euglycaemia, with small effects on time spent in hypo- and hyperglycaemia.

Aims To evaluate the sensor performance of the FreeStyle Libre intermittently viewed continuous glucose monitoring system using reference blood glucose levels during moderate-intensity exercise while on either full or reduced basal insulin dose in people with Type 1 diabetes. Methods Ten participants with Type 1 diabetes [four women, mean AE SD age 31.4 AE 9.0 years, BMI 25.5AE3.8 kg/m 2 , HbA 1c 55AE7 mmol/mol (7.2AE0.6%)] exercised on a cycle ergometer for 55 min at a moderate intensity for 5 consecutive days at the clinical research facility, while receiving either their usual or a 75% basal insulin dose. After a 4-week washout period, participants performed the second exercise period having switched to the alternative basal insulin dose. During exercise, reference capillary blood glucose values were analysed using the fully enzymatic-amperometric method and compared with the interstitial glucose values obtained. Intermittently viewed continuous glucose monitoring accuracy was analysed according to median (interquartile range) absolute relative difference, and Clarke error grid and Bland-Altman analysis for overall glucose levels during exercise, stratified by glycaemic range and basal insulin dosing scheme (P<0.05).Results A total of 845 glucose values were available during exercise to evaluate intermittently viewed continuous glucose monitoring sensor performance. The median (interquartile range) absolute relative difference between the reference values and those obtained by the sensor across the glycaemic range overall was 22 (13.9-29.7)%, and was 36.3 (24.2-45.2)% during hypoglycaemia, 22.8 (14.6-30.6)% during euglycaemia and 15.4 (9-21)% during hyperglycaemia. Usual basal insulin dose was associated with a worse sensor performance during exercise compared with the reduced (75%) basal insulin dose [median (interquartile range) absolute relative difference: 23.7 (17.2-30.7)% vs 20.5 (12-28.1)%; P<0.001).Conclusions The intermittently viewed continuous glucose monitoring sensor showed diminished accuracy during exercise. Absolute glucose readings derived from the sensor should be used cautiously and need confirmation by additional finger-prick blood glucose measurements.