The model indicated a significant effect of distance (F[2, 5,861] = 62.502; p < 0.001) and pitch zone (F[4, 5,861] = 4.729; p = 0.001). Pairwise contrasts of distances were all significant (Z > 6.662; p < 0.001), indicating a decrement in the percentage of shots performed on target as the distance increased. Regarding pitch zone, left-footed players performed worse when shooting from the FR zone (Z > 2.728; p < 0.05) compared to all other zones (SM Table ).2. On target shots of right-footed players.The model indicated a significant effect of distance (F[2, 17,565] = 211.77; p < 0.001) and pitch zone (F[4, 17,565] = 9.18; p < 0.001). Pairwise contrasts of distances were all significant (Z > 10.510; p < 0.001), indicating a decrement in the percentage of shots performed on target as the distance increased. Regarding pitch zone, most pairwise contrasts were significant (Z > 2.01; p < 0.05), except for FL vs. L, FL vs. FR, FR vs. R, and FR vs. L. These results indicate a better overall performance when right-footed players attempted a shot from the central zone (SM Table ).
Single leg balance training promotes significant increments in balance control, but previous reviews on balance control have not analyzed this form of balance training. Accordingly, we aimed to review the single leg balance training literature to better understand the effects of applying this training to healthy individuals. We searched five databases—PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Lilacs, and Scielo—with the following inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed articles published in English; (b) analysis of adult participants who had no musculoskeletal injuries or diseases that might impair balance control; and (c) use of methods containing at least a pre-test, exclusive single leg balance training, and a post-test assessment. We included 13 articles meeting these criteria and found that single leg balance training protocols were effective in inducing balance control gains in either single- or multiple-session training and with or without progression of difficulty. Balance control gains were achieved with different amounts of training, ranging from a single short session of 10 minutes to multiple sessions totaling as much as 390 min of unipedal balance time. Generalization of balance gains to untrained tasks and cross-education between legs from single leg balance training were consistent across studies. We concluded that single leg balance training can be used in various contexts to improve balance performance in healthy individuals. These results extend knowledge of expected outcomes from this form of training and aid single leg balance exercise prescription regarding volume, frequency, and potential progressions.
Transcultural approaches comparing the distribution of lateral preference between countries focused primarily on handedness. However, other laterality dimensions may also be susceptible to cultural variations. The present study compared lateral preference in five dimensions (hand, foot, trunk, hearing, and visual) of young adults from Brazil and Mozambique. Two hundred and two undergraduate students participated in the study, of which 101 were Brazilian (21.7 ± 1.66 years old) and 101 Mozambican (25.6 ± 6.2 years old). The participants' lateral preference direction and degree were assessed using the global lateral preference inventory. Most Brazilians were classified in the moderate preference category, while Mozambicans had a higher frequency of individuals with strong preferences. Hence, Mozambicans presented a higher lateralization degree for all dimensions. A subsequent analysis considering only preference direction (right, left or indifferent), and not degree, did not show the same outcomes, revealing similarities in preference distribution between the two groups. This finding highlights the necessity to incorporate preference degrees in future analysis to not overlook potential differences. We also conclude lateral preference investigations with transcultural approaches should analyse beyond handedness, as other dimensions can also be modulated by cultural characteristics.
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