No abstract

Tropospheric scintillation can become a significant impairment in satellite communication systems, especially in those with low fade-margin. Moreover, fast amplitude fluctuations due to scintillation are even larger when rain is present on the propagation path. Few studies of scintillation during rain have been reported and the statistical characterization is still not totally clear. This paper presents experimental results on the relationship between scintillation and rain attenuation obtained from slant-path attenuation measurements at 50 GHz. The study is focused on the probability density function (PDF) of various scintillation parameters. It is shown that scintillation intensity, measured as the standard deviation of the amplitude fluctuations, increases with rain attenuation; in the range 1-10 dB this relationship can be expressed by power-law or linear equations. The PDFs of scintillation intensity conditioned to a given rain attenuation level are lognormal, while the overall long-term PDF is well fitted by a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. The short-term PDFs of amplitude conditioned to a given intensity are normal, although skewness effects are observed for the strongest intensities. A procedure is given to derive numerically the overall PDF of scintillation amplitude using a combination of conditional PDFs and local statistics of rain attenuation.

Detailed measurements of the rain phenomena can be obtained from modern equipment that provides experimental drop size distributions (DSDs), which can be used to analyze the effects of past rain events or to predict their influence on colocated radio links. In this letter, the use of experimental DSDs to predict rain effects on millimeter-wave propagation is discussed from a practical point of view, taking advantage of the availability of measurements from various instruments. The derived results show that predictions can be calculated with reasonable accuracy, provided that some practical considerations are taken into account.

Although the deployment of 5G networks has already started, there are still open questions regarding propagation at millimeter-wave frequency bands. Several propagation campaigns have been carried out at several bands previously identified by regulatory organizations, but due to the wide range of allocated segments of spectrum and the variety of possible propagation scenarios, more measurement campaigns are needed. In this regard, the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) has taken millimeter-wave measurements at 26, 32, and 39 GHz bands in an indoor corridor scenario in line-of-sight (LOS) conditions with two antenna configurations (a horn antenna has been used in transmission whereas horn and omnidirectional antennas have been used in reception), and the main results are presented in this paper. The obtained path loss results have been compared with existing millimeter-wave propagation models.

Rain attenuation in millimeter-wave links depends on the Drop Size Distributions (DSD) of the raindrops. Empirical models disregard this dependence and estimate the specific attenuation using only the integrated rainfall rate (R (mm/h)). This approach is valid for lower frequencies but it progressively losses accuracy as the frequency of interest becomes higher within the millimeter-wave range. Both the characterization of rainfall phenomena and the prediction of rain attenuation can be improved with the knowledge of DSD, which, in turn, depend on the type of rain event (stratiform or convective) and the R. In this paper, long-term DSD measurements from a vertical Doppler radar (MRR-2) and a laser optical disdrometer (Thies Laser disdrometer) are used to obtain, classify and compare the statistics of DSD in Madrid in periods of more than ten years. The process to obtain the DSD from these advanced instruments is analyzed in detail, providing recommendations about the calibration of the radar data and the most appropriate particle filtering to apply on the Laser disdrometer data.