This study presents a contribution to the characterization of occupants' behavior regarding the manual control of electric lighting in combination with shading control in offices. The procedure and monitoring results for eight single-occupied office spaces is described. The analysis of the collected data indicated that occupants kept electric lighting On during most of the monitoring period and, in average, that lower daylight illuminances led occupants to keep the lights On more frequently. It was also found that at times of arrival and departure the control patterns for lighting were mostly driven by occupation dynamics rather than by the environmental conditions. The results for the control patterns for shading systems concurrently showed that occupants frequently opened their shading device upon arrival, and, for half of the offices, closed it upon departure. On the other hand, at intermediate periods, the control patterns were mainly independent of occupation dynamics and dependant on environmental variables, but at very different degrees depending on the particular office considered. A further analysis of the control patterns for shading systems indicated that control patterns as found in the literature, which had been mostly derived from data obtained for offices in which the experiment required frequent actions from the occupant, correlated well with the experimental results only in predicting the absence of any shading control action, but were poor predictors of control actions (shading deployment).
a b s t r a c tThis work reviews existing models of control patterns for occupant-shading interactions in office buildings, and studies their influence in terms of energy demand when comparing transparent faç ade alternatives. It starts by establishing a review of visual comfort criteria in office buildings and of the conditions that prompt occupants to interact with shading devices and electric lighting. Given the large variety of parameters identified as primary variables in the existing literature -hence the variety of conditions considered comfortable depending on the chosen reference -a sensitivity study was carried out based on dynamic simulations. The aim of the study was to characterize the impact of choosing a given shading control model (pattern or strategy) on the calculated overall energy demand for heating, cooling and lighting, as well as the impact on choosing the best-performing transparent faç ade option for a single-occupant office. The results show that both the calculated energy performance and the ranking of transparent faç ade alternatives (glazing and shading) often vary very significantly with control patterns considered for the occupant-shading interaction. They further show that, amongst the eleven control strategies that were considered, the behavioral model based on a glare acceptability threshold (expressed as DGI > 20) is the one that, when considered individually, would most reliably express an average ranking from all considered strategies. The implications of these findings are discussed in view of their applicability to energy performance-based faç ade design choices evaluation as well as to faç ade design choices.
Colonic intussusception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in adults and is caused by a malignant lesion in about 70% of cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential. We present a 64-year-old male patient with right colonic intussusception caused by a mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC), presenting as a giant pedunculated polyp (54 mm of largest diameter). The patient underwent right colectomy with primary anastomosis and adjuvant chemotherapy. The diagnosis of intussusception of the colon in adults is difficult because of its rarity and nonspecific clinical presentation. In this case, the cause was a rare histological type malignant tumor (MANEC).
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