RESUMOO lançamento indiscriminado nos corpos d'água de esgotos domésticos sem tratamento, ou mesmo tratados, mas sem desinfecção apropriada, contribui com quantidade significativa de organismos do chamado "grupo coliforme", entre os quais agentes específicos de doenças de veiculação hídrica podem estar presentes. A aplicação no solo de efluentes de esgotos domésticos devidamente tratados, em vez de sua disposição direta em cursos d'água, além de ser uma maneira alternativa para disposição de resíduos e controle biológico de poluentes, constitui um modo adequado de fornecimento de nutrientes ao solo e às plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a redução de coliformes termotolerantes após aplicações no solo de efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado por um período de 60 dias, associando os valores obtidos ao adensamento de rizobactérias Pseudomonas fluorescens e Bacillus spp. presentes nas rizosferas de diferentes culturas. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área da Fazenda Piloto do Departamento de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade de Taubaté e o Delineamento Experimental constou de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos envolvendo o cultivo de aveia, cevada, triticale, feijão preto e solo sem cultivo (Testemunha), totalizando 20 parcelas de solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico. Os resultados obtidos por meio de análises microbiológicas de amostras de solo rizosférico e não rizosférico apresentaram um maior adensamento de rizobactérias na rizosfera da aveia. Entretanto, a maior eficiência obtida na redução de coliformes termotolerantes foi alcançada nos tratamentos envolvendo feijão preto e solo sem cultivo.Palavras-chave: disposição no solo; fitorremediação; esgoto; coliformes; Pseudomonas; Bacillus. Controlled disposal of domestic effluent sewage in the ground to reduce fecal coliforms ABSTRACTThe indiscriminate launching in water bodies of domestic sewage without treatment, or even treated, but without appropriate disinfection, contributes with significant amount of organisms of the called "coliform group" that can carry specific illnesses agents propagated through the water. The application of effluent in the ground, instead of direct disposal in water courses, in addition to being an alternative way for the disposal of residues and biological control of pollutants, constitutes an adequate way of nutrients supply to the soil and RIBAS, T. B. C.; NETO, P. F. Disposição no solo de efluentes de esgoto tratado visando à redução de coliformes termotolerantes. Ambi-Agua, Taubaté, v. 3, n. 3, p. 81-94, 2008 . (doi:10.4136/ambi-agua.63) plants. So, this work had as objective the evaluation of the reduction of fecal coliforms, after controlled applications of 60 days treated effluent in cultivated soil, by analyzing the increase of fluorescent rhizobacterias Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus spp. present in the rhizospheres of different crops. The experiment was developed in field conditions in the Experimental Farm of Department of Agrarian Sciences of the University of Taubaté, mun...

RESUMOAs instituições de ensino são potenciais geradores de grandes volumes de esgotos domésticos. Os estudos com sistemas naturais de tratamento de efluentes têm apresentado boa eficácia e custo reduzidos quando comparados com os sistemas tradicionais, isso os torna adequados para diversos segmentos da sociedade, incluindo instituições de ensino. Uma das características compartilhada pela maior parte das instituições de ensino é o fato das mesmas possuírem calendários acadêmicos que incluem longos períodos de recesso e isso leva, em muitos casos, o fluxo de esgotos nos sistemas praticamente a zero causando danos tanto para as macrófitas dispostas no leito quanto para as colônias de microrganismos associadas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de leito cultivado, em uma instituição de ensino, logo após período de recesso, verificando, por um período de 45 dias, se este apresentava sinais de recuperação natural, sem qualquer intervenção; em seguida foi efetuado o plantio de 15 mudas do gênero Thypha sp., mantendo-se as análises por mais 45 dias, após plantio de novas mudas. A eficiência de remoção para os parâmetros de turbidez, NH 3 , NO 3 -e Fósforo foram, respectivamente, de 63,0%, 21,7%, 31,1% e 20,3%, para DBO, DQO e para coliformes termotolerante, a eficiência média foi de 46,0%, 29,7% e 44,0%, respectivamente. Se for considerado apenas o período pós-plantio, os resultados melhoraram, sendo os seguintes: turbidez=78,2%, NH 3 =38,0%, NO 3 -=53,2%, Fósforo=25,6%, DBO=66,2%, DQO=36,5% e coliformes termotolerantes=60,7%. Os resultados demonstraram a importância da macrófita na eficiência desse tipo de sistema.Palavras-chave: leitos cultivados; esgotos domésticos; saneamento ambiental; águas residuárias.Performance of wetland systems in the treatment of sewage generated at an educational institution, after a recession period ABSTRACT Education institutions are potential generators of large volumes of domestic sewage. Studies of natural systems for effluent treatment have shown good efficiency and low cost compared to traditional systems. This makes them suitable for various segments of society, including educational institutions. A characteristic shared by most educational institutions is that they have the same academic calendars that include a long period of recess when, in many cases, the flow of sewage systems drops to almost zero, causing damage to both

The county of Paranaguá discards 80 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily in the Embocuí landfill without proper treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the dump area and to compare it with reference values for soil and water quality stipulated by CETESB (2005). The methodology of the study involved the collection of waste samples (organic waste mixed with soil) from a depth of 1 m deep at 12 points of the dump, and the collection of water samples from a depth of 3 m at 3 points in the deposited waste. Extraction

Although organic agriculture in Brazil targets mainly local consumers, there is growing demand for research related to commercializing this sector abroad. A study was done in Europe on the perception of entities related to this theme, specifically on Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), the feasibility of equivalence between the countries, and control procedures. An exploratory study was conducted through interviews with five organic certification bodies, two in Switzerland, three in Italy, and with a producer association in Italy. PGS is little known in Europe in general and it is suggested that it be better disseminated in the member countries. PGS has been evaluated positively for reducing certification costs and promoting benefits from a social aspect, but it can fail in organic compliance and in large scale production. There are significant differences that must be overcome in order to establish equivalence, such as the lack of homogeneity among European countries on control procedures, the existence of PGS in Brazilian legislation, lack of wild crop products in Europe, different conversion periods, and the requirement of a higher number of inspections in Brazil. Equivalence is seen as beneficial to both Europe and Brazil, and it would therefore be appropriate to promote its viability. The Brazilian law on organic agriculture is taken as very restrictive and complex.

Studies on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil after use of wastewater for fertilization of agricultural crops report the effects of moisture, pH, organic matter, and soil temperature on microorganisms. There are few studies that assess the survival of these microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants fertilized with wastewater. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the number of fecal coliforms and rhizobacteria (fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp,) in the rhizosphere of winter and summer crops fertilized with wastewater. In the experiment, we used 20 plots, and each plot occupied an area of 200 m². The treatments used in the winter crop consisted of uncultivated plots and single crops of wheat, triticale, black bean, and intercropped black bean/wheat. In the summer season, we used uncultivated plots and single crops of corn, sunflower, bean, and intercropped bean/corn. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. Soil samples from the rhizosphere for microbiological analyses were collected at the flowering stage of the crops at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m. Plants stimulated fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. in the rhizosphere, with average scores of 7.9 and 6.9 log CFU g -1 of dry soil, respectively, whereas in bare soil, these scores were 6.7 and 5.8 log CFU g -1 of dry soil for these rhizobacteria groups. However, this stimulating effect was not seen for fecal coliforms, which had an average score of 31.7 × 10 3 MPN g -1 of dry soil in the uncultivated area and 20.0 × 10 3 MPN g -1 of dry soil in crop areas. Overall, the numbers of rhizobacteria colonies in the rhizosphere soil under intercropping were higher than those observed in the rhizosphere soils of single winter and summer crops. Therefore, the presence of plants enhances the development of rhizobacteria and changes the balance among the species of microorganisms in the soil microbial community fertilized with wastewater.

Disposal of solid waste in landfills causes negative impacts on the environment, caused by emissions of greenhouse gases and the release of dark-colored leachate. It’s composition includes high concentrations of suspended solids, heavy metals, salts and organic compounds. Given the above, this study evaluated the use of superabsorbent polymer in the treatment of leachate. Slurry samples were collected at the Taubaté landfill in two seasons to determine electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, oils and greases. Other samples were submitted to the following treatments: 3.5 g of polymer with 500 g of distilled water, and doses of 3.5; 7.0; 10.5; 14.0; 17.5; 21.0; 24.5; and 28.0 g of polymer with 500 g of slurry, with 4 repetitions each. Other steps, in sequence, were: transformation of the material into gel (gelation), obtaining the liquid volume of water and slurry, and after 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, measurements of polymer dehydration were obtained. The efficiency of doses was determined by the volume of leachate remaining after each treatment. Gelation was more efficient in the summer season, a season with lower values of electrical conductivity, pH, suspended solids, and oils and greases. The most efficient doses in gelation were 10.5 g in summer and 14.0 g in autumn. In conclusion, superabsorbent polymer can be used in the treatment of leachate because it allows its gelling, but the recommended doses vary with the seasons.

O presente projeto teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade e os efeitos da aplicação da água residuária resultante do tratamento de esgoto sanitário sobre as propriedades químicas de um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico e o rendimento da biomassa e grãos de aveia branca (Avena sativa L). Efetuou-se a caraterização química da água residuária e, depois, foi aplicada superficialmente no solo doses correspondentes a 0, 30, 60 e 90 m 3 ha -1 em parcelas de 200 m 2 . As doses da água foram comparadas com a adubação mineral recomendada para a cultura da aveia. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados e com quatro repetições. A água residuária apresentou composição química com qualidade para ser utilizada na agricultura. Os valores no solo de cálcio, CTC, V e pH aumentaram e a acidez potencial diminuiu após aplicação das doses de água residuária. As doses de água residuária proporcionaram incrementos na produção de biomassa e grãos de aveia similar ao obtido com a adubação mineral. Conclui-se que água residuária pode ser utilizada para corrigir a acidez do solo e substituir ou complementar a adubação mineral.Palavras-chave: água residuária, disposição no solo, reuso de água.

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