PURPOSE:To critically analyze and standardize the rat pancreatectomy nomenclature variants. METHODS: RESULTS:Among the 468, the main objectives were to surgically induce diabetes and to study the genes regulations and expressions.Five rat pancreatectomy technique references received 15 or more citations. Twenty different terminologies were identified for the pancreas resection: according to the resected parenchyma percentage (30 to 95%); to the procedure type (total, subtotal and partial); or based on the selected anatomical region (distal, longitudinal and segmental). A nomenclature systematization was gathered by cross-checking information between the main surgical techniques, the anatomic parameters descriptions and the resected parenchyma percentages. CONCLUSION:The subtotal pancreatectomy nomenclature for parenchymal resection between 80 and 95% establishes a surgical parameter that also defines the total and partial pancreatectomy limits and standardizes these surgical procedures in rats.
This paper presents a generative analysis of accusative clitics involved in clitic-doubling constructions in Spanish. It will be shown that this kind of clitic does not constitute a single unitary element, but must be classified in two types, the anaphoric one and the deictic one. Whereas the former have been analyzed in early works such as Jaeggli (1982, 1986b), the occurrence of the latter may be related to the focalization of a constituent in situ. This analysis parallels with Suñer (1995), treating negative concord as a polarity phenomena, once the present work reveals a correlation between the syntactic realization of negative words in negative polarity and the realization of a clitic doubling a focused NP. KEY-WORDS: syntax, Spanish, clitic focus.RESUMO: Este trabalho apresenta uma análise gerativa de clíticos de Caso acusativo envolvidos em construções de reduplicação em espanhol. Demonstrará que este tipo de clítico não constitui um elemento único, e, sim, que pode ser dividido em dois grupos, o dos anafóricos e o dos dêiticos. Enquanto os primeiros foram analisados em trabalhos anteriores, como o de Jaeggli (1982, 1986b), a ocorrência dos últimos pode estar vinculada à expressão de um foco in situ. Esta análise encontra um paralelo em Suñer (1995), que trata a concordância negativa como um fenômeno de polaridade, já que este trabalho revela uma correlação entre a realização sintática de palavras negativas em polaridade negativa e o licenciamento de um clítico que duplica um SN focalizado.
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