Investigates role of ports in mitigating GHG emissions in the end-to-end maritime transport chain. Emissions generated both by ports and by ships calling at ports are analysed. Shipping's emissions are far greater than those generated by port activities. Ports may have more impact through focusing efforts on reducing shipping's emissions. Options for ports to support and drive change in the maritime sector also considered.

Structured Abstract: PurposeThe purpose of this research is to illustrate an optimisation method, and resulting insights, for minimising total logistics related carbon emissions for end-to-end supply chains. DesignThe research is based on two real-life UK industrial cases. For the first case, several alternative realistic routes towards the UK are analysed and the optimal route minimising total carbon emissions is identified and tested in real conditions. For the second case, emissions towards several destinations are calculated and two alternative routes to southern Europe are compared, using several transport modes (road, ro-ro, rail and maritime). An adapted Value Stream Mapping (VSM) approach is used to map carbon footprint and calculate emissions; in addition AIS data provided information for vessel specification allowing the use of more accurate emission factors for each shipping leg. FindingsThe analyses demonstrate that end-to-end logistics carbon emissions can be reduced by between 14% and 21% through direct deliveries (to Felixstowe and Southampton) when compared to deliveries with transhipment and warehousing (in Antwerp). For distant destinations the maritime leg of the supply chain is the main contributor to the total emissions. It is notable that one of the main apportionment approaches (that of Defra in the UK) generate 2 higher carbon footprints for routes using Ro-Pax vessels, making those not optimal. The feasibility of the optimal route was demonstrated with real-life data. Originality/ValueThis research used real life data from two UK companies and highlighted where carbon emissions are generated in the inbound and outbound transport chain, and how these can be reduced. The tool employed, VSM, proved to be a flexible tool that can be adapted to measure and analyse CO2 emissions with different calculation methods

Local sourcing, Arctic seaways and fossil fuel intolerance lessen oil freight work. Oil hauls lengthen if ships reroute to avoid Emission Control Areas and piracy. Conservative perceptions of established specialists match early career views. Carbon emission reduction policies imply significantly reduced oil shipments. Attitude change in maritime professionals will require education and marketing.

This paper aims to synthesize the perceptions of early career specialists regarding trends in dry bulk shipping flows to 2050, the ship type which generates the second highest total volume of carbon emissions. Specialists' insights have implications for formulating polices to manage global trade and shipping emissions. Established Delphi survey techniques achieved consensus in a novel long-term industrial context amongst international panelists with long-term industrial commitment, highlighting trends in drivers including Arctic ice melt, canal upgrades, piracy and mode splits. Globally, expected doubling of raw materials shipments to Western economies and quadrupling elsewhere will be partially offset by specialists' perceptions of shorter hauls. Moderate annual expected tonnage growth globally compares with rapid annual growth in coal shipments, although more localized and multi-sourcing will shorten global coal hauls. After 2030, ocean routing is expected to slightly shorten global hauls. Climate change brings both Arctic ice melt with shorter expected average hauls from Northeast Asia to Western Europe and longer hauls elsewhere as more droughts and failed states force ship rerouting to avoid piracy. Canal upgrades will offer shorter average hauls. Within the UK rising expected demand for biofuels and intolerance of fossil fuels will reduce shipping demand, inviting investigation of a systems approach to planning.

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