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and dynamic approach for monographing species-rich plant groups ndash building the global synthesis of the angiosperm order Caryophyllales, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics (2015), http://dx. AbstractOne of the major goals of systematics is to provide a synthesis of knowledge on the diversity of a group of organisms, such as flowering plants. Biodiversity conservation and management call for rapid and accurate global assessments at the species level. At the same time the rapid development of evolutionary biology with a spectrum of approaches to test species relationships and species limits, has revolutionized and is still revolutionizing the science of plant systematics including taxonomy. We explore the relevant scientific and technological developments, but also organizational and logistic requirements, with the aim to suggest a conceptual framework for an integrated monographic synthesis of species diversity which can reach global coverage. Our exemplar group are the Caryophyllales, as an example of a globally distributedwhich are a plant lineage of worldwide distribution,, comprising approx. 5% of flowering plant species diversity. The current situation of organism classification is marked by a transition from pre-phylogenetic treatments to taxonomic treatments increasingly evaluated in an evolutionary context. Structured data (both molecular and morphological), linked to well-documented specimens will be important as fundamental entities of information that can be subjected to evolutionary analysis. As a result, taxon concepts are established as hypotheses which then can be used as basis for a classification system in a second step. The process of generating knowledge and subsequent classification of the recognized entities is step by step, including processes of reciprocal illumination. Global syntheses need to provide information and use a classification system that reflects the current state of knowledge. , they need to be dynamic Iin order to accommodate the constantly improved understanding of the organisms, eventually also resulting in the change of taxon concepts, the treatments need to be dynamic. The workflow for a global monographic synthesis as outlined here is supported by currently available biodiversity informatics tools such as the EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy. Based on these conceptual findings we outline the practical implementation steps towards a synthesis of the Caryophyllales, as an example of a globally distributed plant lineage, comprising approx. 5% of flowering plant species diversity. While the actualThe availability of electronic sources (names, protologues, type images, literature) greatly facilitates the access to information, but as our case shows, considerable efforts for data curation and research are still needed. Tthe implementation of a global monographic synthesis such as the Caryophyllales requires the involvement of the global scientific community.

Cubillos-Salamanca et al., 2020). Adults and larvae scrape and suck the cell fluids on the surface of leaves and flower petals, causing visible streaks and discolourations, and necrosis of the flower petals,