Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Heteroptera, Coreidae) is native to Western North America and is a serious pest for seed production of conifers. The pest was accidentally introduced into Europe in the 1990s. Since then, seed loss has been recorded in Pinus pinea (L.) forests, with a negative impact on the commercial production of pine nuts. Classical biological control of this pest in P. pinea stands is an attractive proposition. Previous work showed that the egg-parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) had promising life history traits in laboratory studies using L. occidentalis eggs as host. In the present work, the effect of host egg age on parasitization rate was evaluated in the laboratory, using choice and no-choice tests. Host eggs ranged in age from < 24 h to within a day of hatching. Results showed that parasitization rate, juvenile survival rate, sex ratio, and longevity of female G. pennsylvanicum were not significantly affected by the age of the host eggs. However, egg-parasitoid development time was longer in older host eggs, and females were smaller than those that developed in younger host eggs. Parasitization behaviors (drumming, oviposition, and marking) were not affected by the age of the host. G. pennsylvanicum females tended to parasitize all available host eggs within a cluster before moving to a new cluster, without displaying a preferences for host egg age. The ability to exploit host eggs of any age class improves the prospect of successful classical biological control using this egg-parasitoid.
Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Heteroptera: Coreidae) is a North American conifer seed pest that was accidentally introduced to Europe. In the Mediterranean area, it threatens the production of Pinus pinea Linnaeus seeds. The egg‐parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), the main natural enemy in the native range of L. occidentalis, was imported from British Columbia to Italy. Pre‐release risk assessments were made under quarantine conditions by no‐choice tests conducted with naïve and experienced G. pennsylvanicum offering single eggs of target and non‐target species for varying exposure times (1, 4, 48 h). G. pennsylvanicum successfully parasitized from 75% to 100% of the target host eggs. Only one female specimen of the egg‐parasitoid emerged from a non‐target egg (Gonocerus juniperi Herrich‐Schaeffer, Heteroptera: Coreidae). Two dead female specimens were found, one inside an egg of Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and one in an egg of Camptopus lateralis (Germar) (Heteroptera: Alydidae). All three cases occurred at the longest oviposition exposure time. Results obtained with this conservative approach suggest that the risk to non‐target species of releasing G. pennsylvanicum in Italy is low.
No contexto hospitalar os antibióticos são prescritos tanto de modo profilático quanto curativo, considerando ser um ambiente susceptível a infecções, seja pela debilidade e baixa imunidade dos pacientes internados. O objetivo foi avaliar o padrão de consumo de antibióticos em um hospital escola, no interior do Rio Grande do Sul, além de descrever as classes de antibióticos mais utilizados, a via de administração, conformidade de dias em uso e determinar DDD dos antibióticos no período em estudo. Durante o estudo foram realizadas 1.070 prescrições, sendo que 257 continham pelo menos um antibiótico a nível sistêmico, representando uma prevalência igual a 24% (61 pacientes). Das 257 prescrições, observou-se que 53,3% (137) continham dois ou mais Palavras-chave: medicamentos, antibióticos, hospital, DDD.
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