Although aging enhances atherosclerosis, we do not know if this occurs via alterations in circulating immune cells, lipid metabolism, vasculature, or adipose tissue. Here, we examined whether aging exerts a direct pro‐atherogenic effect on adipose tissue in mice. After demonstrating that aging augmented the inflammatory profile of visceral but not subcutaneous adipose tissue, we transplanted visceral fat from young or aged mice onto the right carotid artery of Ldlr −/− recipients. Aged fat transplants not only increased atherosclerotic plaque size with increased macrophage numbers in the adjacent carotid artery, but also in distal vascular territories, indicating that aging of the adipose tissue enhances atherosclerosis via secreted factors. By depleting macrophages from the visceral fat, we identified that adipose tissue macrophages are major contributors of the secreted factors. To identify these inflammatory factors, we found that aged fat transplants secreted increased levels of the inflammatory mediators TNFα, CXCL2, and CCL2, which synergized to promote monocyte chemotaxis. Importantly, the combined blockade of these inflammatory mediators impeded the ability of aged fat transplants to enhance atherosclerosis. In conclusion, our study reveals that aging enhances atherosclerosis via increased inflammation of visceral fat. Our study suggests that future therapies targeting the visceral fat may reduce atherosclerosis disease burden in the expanding older population.
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures that have a melting point much lower than any of the components. Because the properties of DES, such as chiral discrimination, can be controlled through choice of components, DES have potential as solvents in many chemical and industrial applications. However, the large number of potential components makes high throughput methods of DES discovery critical for their development. In this study, mixtures of small quantities of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and chiral hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were mixed at 55 °C and cooled to 20 °C to screen for potential liquid formation. Variable molar ratios of 10 HBAs were mixed with 93 chiral HBDs to measure a total of 1250 mixtures, and 356 mixtures were liquid at 20 °C. All of the results including mixtures that did not form liquids are provided in a publicly available database. Several of the mixtures were prepared in larger quantities to characterize their physical properties, including melting points, densities, and viscosities. The results of this study can be used to guide the discovery and development of new chiral solvents, such as DES and eutectic mixtures.
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures that have a melting point much lower than either component. Because the properties of a DES, such as chiral discrimination, can be controlled through choice of components, DES have potential as solvents in many chemical and industrial applications. However, the large number of potential components makes high throughput methods of DES discovery critical for their development. In this study, mixtures of small quantities of HBAs and chiral HBDs were mixed at 55 C and cooled to 20 C to screen for potential liquid formation. Variable molar ratios of 10 HBAs were mixed with 93 chiral HBDs to measure a total of 1250 mixtures, and 356 mixtures were liquid at 20 C. All of the results are provided in a publicly available database. Several of the mixtures were prepared in larger quantities to characterize their physical properties, including melting points, densities, and viscosities. The results of this study can be used to guide the discovery and development of new chiral DES.
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures that have a melting point much lower than either component. Because the properties of a DES, such as chiral discrimination, can be controlled through choice of components, DES have potential as solvents in many chemical and industrial applications. However, the large number of potential components makes high throughput methods of DES discovery critical for their development. In this study, mixtures of small quantities of HBAs and chiral HBDs were mixed at 55 C and cooled to 20 C to screen for potential liquid formation. Variable molar ratios of 10 HBAs were mixed with 93 chiral HBDs to measure a total of 1250 mixtures, and 356 mixtures were liquid at 20 C. All of the results are provided in a publicly available database. Several of the mixtures were prepared in larger quantities to characterize their physical properties, including melting points, densities, and viscosities. The results of this study can be used to guide the discovery and development of new chiral DES.
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