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Neurodegenerative disease is a kind of chronic, progressive nervous system disease characterized by neuron degeneration or apoptosis. Current treatments cannot prevent the development of the disease. Possible alternative treatments include cell therapy, especially with the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are pluripotent stem cells with capacities for self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation. MSCs may serve as a reliable source of neural cells for potential cell replacement therapy or regenerative medicine treatment. Here, we summarized the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs and how they can contribute to the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Long term surface soil moisture (SSM) data with stable and consistent quality are critical for global environment and climate change monitoring. L band radiometers onboard the recently launched Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission can provide the state-of-the-art accuracy SSM, while Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) and AMSR2 series provide long term observational records of multi-frequency radiometers (C, X, and K bands). This study transfers the merits of SMAP to AMSR-E/2, and develops a global daily SSM dataset (named as NNsm) with stable and consistent quality at a 36 km resolution (2002–2019). The NNsm can reproduce the SMAP SSM accurately, with a global Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.029 m3/m3. NNsm also compares well with in situ SSM observations, and outperforms AMSR-E/2 standard SSM products from JAXA and LPRM. This global observation-driven dataset spans nearly two decades at present, and is extendable through the ongoing AMSR2 and upcoming AMSR3 missions for long-term studies of climate extremes, trends, and decadal variability.