Latar Belakang: Depresi adalah gangguan psikiatri yang paling sering ditemukan pada usia lanjut di seluruh dunia. Insiden depresi pada usia lanjut sering tidak terdeteksi dan bentuk depresi onset lambat sangat terkait dengan gangguan kognitif, risiko penyakit, kecacatan, dan kualitas hidup yang rendah. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara depresi, gangguan kognitif, dan kualitas hidup penduduk di Desa Pedawa, Singaraja. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong-lintang yang dilakukan pada 13-14 Agustus 2016 dengan sampel sebanyak 117 orang. Penilaian depresi menggunakan kuesioner GDS-15, gangguan kognitif menggunakan kuesioner AMT, dan kualitas hidup dinilai menggunakan kuesioner EQ5D. Sampel diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode konsekutif sampling dan data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 16.0. Hasil: Karakteristik sampel adalah 54 orang (46,2%) pria dan 63 orang (53,8%) adalah wanita. Prevalensi depresi didapatkan sebanyak 24 orang (20,5%) dan gangguan kognitif sebanyak 64 orang (54,7%). Sampel dengan kualitas hidup yang baik, sedang dan buruk masing-masing adalah 35 (29,9%), 66 (56,4%), dan 16 orang (13,7%). Hasil analisis bivariat didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara depresi dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif dan tingkat ekonomi (p < 0,05). Sedangkan hubungan antara depresi dan kualitas hidup diperoleh hasil yang tidak bermakna (p = 0,49). Simpulan: Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara depresi dan gangguan kognitif dan tingkat ekonomi pada penduduk di Desa Pedawa, Kecamatan Singaraja, Bali
Esophageal injury could be caused by a various etiology, such as drug administration. Drug-induced esophagitis is a spectrum of esophageal lesions due to drugs that can cause complications of ulceration, perforation and stricture of the esophagus. More than one hundred drugs have been identified to cause damage to the esophageal wall, such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID), alendronate, potassium chloride, anti-hypertension, quinidine, etc. Symptoms of drug induced esophagitis might appear as retrosternal pain, heartburn, odynophagia, dysphagia, weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, which also found in other cases of gastrointestinal lesions so they are often misdiagnosed in daily clinical practice. Endoscopic procedure is the first choice in diagnosis of drug-induced esophagitis. The lesion may appear as erosion, bleeding, ulcers, strictures, kissing ulcers, and residual drugs fragment on endoscopy. Management of drug-induced esophagitis are by stopping suspected drugs and educating about the proper drug administration. In severe cases, adequate fluid hydration and parenteral nutrition can be given. Sucralfat forms a protective layer in the area of the lesion, thus accelerates wound healing process. Acid-lowering agents can be considered in cases of reflux esophagitis. Therapeutic endoscopic may indicated in strictures cases, active bleeding due to esophageal ulcers, and retrieval remaining drug fragments that are lodged in the esophagus. While surgery should be reserved for patients with severe complications such as erosion of the mediastinal organs, heart and large blood vessels
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