This paper describes a comprehensive model of alignment that provides a foundation for meaningful reporting of students' academic progress over time. The model includes both horizontal and vertical alignment as integral parts of the development of content standards, test blueprints, items, item pools, instruments, performance level descriptors, and performance standards. It also explains why comprehensively integrating alignment into development processes results in procedural efficiencies and gains in validity evidence for the measurement of student progress. Cautions against reducing focus on content in favor of alignment are given. All parts of the comprehensive alignment model described in this paper either have been or soon will be implemented in a large‐scale assessment program.
This report analyzes the relationship of Advanced Placement Program® (AP®) teacher practices and student performance on AP Biology and AP U.S. History Exams. Using a national survey of AP teachers, the study developed four models for each subject with public school teachers only and both public and nonpublic school teachers, using two standards of success (scoring 3 or better and scoring 4 or better on the exams). Professional development and school and class context were statistically significant across all models; however, types of professional development differed. Resources were important for AP U.S. History teachers, while class size and schedule impacted AP Biology teachers. This indicates additional resources might enhance learning in AP U.S. History, while AP Biology teachers might be more effective with smaller, daily classes.
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