Many aspects of the life cycle in Drosophila are known to be either under circadian control or affected by the circadian clock. The present investigations were made to understand whether changes in the rhythm can affect fitness of Drosophila melanogaster. Fitness such as fecundity, male lifetime fertility, female lifetime fertility, male longevity, and female longevity was assessed in light/dark (LD), continuous light (LL), and continuous dark (DD) for 15th and 30th generations. D. melanogaster showed greater fitness in LD than the other two light regimes. This might be due to failure to synchronize the reproductive events properly in LL and DD. LL and DD regimes might have created a stressful environment for Drosophila which has been observed by the reduction in the reproductive success of the individuals. Longevity was more in LD and DD when compared to LL. This shows that D. melanogaster is more adaptive to a LD regime than the other two groups.
An endogenous control of timing of many events like oviposition, eclosion, and hatching occurs at a particular time of the day, which enhances the survival of an organism. The present study is an attempt to understand the effect of different light regimes on eclosion rhythm of Drosophila agumbensis and Drosophila nagarholensis. The eclosion rhythm of the two species were analyzed under constant conditions such as continuous light (LL), continuous dark (DD), and 12-h light and 12-h dark condition. Eclosion occurred only during morning period. The peak of eclosion was observed during 10 h in the morning in all the three light regimes of both the species in 10th and 20th generation. Analysis of variance revealed that there is a significant difference in the eclosion between light/dark, DD, and LL condition and Student t test revealed that there is no significant difference between the two species.
This review conceptualizes about the actinomycetes and its contribution to human health by playing a key role as bioactive secondary metabolites, such as enzymes, antibiotics and pigments, leading to their diverse applications and use in various industries. These searches have been uncommonly successful, and around 66% of naturally happening antibiotics, including many medically important, have been isolated from actinomycetes. The speedy occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens has led to a renewed interest to search for novel antimicrobial agents, but these antibiotics are not enough for the treatment of all diseases because there is a berserk requirement for a novel actinomycetes to combat against the antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms, which are quickly expanding bit by bit. Actinomycetes are the important providers to the pharmaceutical and other industries and are well known for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites many of which are active against pathogenic microorganisms.
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