Photonic crystals (PhC) are spatially ordered structures with lattice parameters comparable to the wavelength of propagating light. Their geometrical and refractive index features lead to an energy band structure for photons, which may allow or forbid the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a limited frequency range. These unique properties have attracted much attention for both theoretical and applied research. Devices such as high-reflection omnidirectional mirrors, low-loss waveguides, and high- and low-reflection coatings have been demonstrated, and several application areas have been explored, from optical communications and color displays to energy harvest and sensors. In this latter area, photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have proven to be very suitable for the development of highly performing sensors, but one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) PhCs have been successfully employed, too. The working principle of most PhC sensors is based on the fact that any physical phenomenon which affects the periodicity and the refractive index of the PhC structure induces changes in the intensity and spectral characteristics of the reflected, transmitted or diffracted light; thus, optical measurements allow one to sense, for instance, temperature, pressure, strain, chemical parameters, like pH and ionic strength, and the presence of chemical or biological elements. In the present article, after a brief general introduction, we present a review of the state of the art of PhC sensors, with particular reference to our own results in the field of mechanochromic sensors. We believe that PhC sensors based on changes of structural color and mechanochromic effect are able to provide a promising, technologically simple, low-cost platform for further developing devices and functionalities.

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The growth through the green chemical bath of PbS doped systematically with the biomolecule L-tryptophan led to growth of hybrid, inorganic-organic, nanocrystalline thin films onto glass slides at T~80°C. The thickness was found in the range of 230-140 nm. Morphological changes were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) spectra showed broad absorption bands located at~3450 cm −1 attributed to stretching of the H 2 O molecules and two small absorption bands located at~2285 cm −1 and~2918 cm −1 along with a strong band at~1385 cm −1 assigned to vibration modes corresponding to CO 2− 3 ions. In the patterns of X-ray diffraction (XRD), the cubic phase was identified in all the samples according to the angular positions 2θ~26 08°, 30.13°, 43.08°, 51.91°, 53.60°, 6251°, 68.98°, and 71.15°. Using the Scherrer formula on the XRD patterns, the grain size (GS) was determined; for the undoped sample,~42 nm was found, whereas for the doped samples,~42-22 nm was found. The electronic charge distribution of L-tryptophan was determined using the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) to understand the decrease on the GS associated with the interaction of π electrons from conjugated rings and amino-acid functional groups. The absorbance spectra in doped films showed excitonic peaks at~1.8-2.1 eV associated to a higher energy of the 1 S h → 1 S h and 1 P h → 1 P e electronic transitions. Through optical absorption, a shift for the band gap energy was observed from~1.4 eV for the undoped sample and~2.1-2.3 eV for the doped films, respectively. Such behaviour is generally associated with the GS decrease and the effect of quantum confinement; a simple model by calculating changes in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) for growth of nanocrystals is presented.

Hybrid organic-inorganic materials are of great interest for various applications. Here, we report on the synthesis and optical characterization of silica-PMMA samples with different Eu3+ molar concentrations. The optical properties of this material make it suitable for photonic applications. The samples were prepared using the sol-gel method, mixing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica glass precursor and methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a polymer component. Europium nitrate pentahydrate was then added in six different molar concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%) to obtain as many different samples of the material. The absorption spectra were obtained applying the Kubelka–Munk formula to the diffuse reflectance spectra of the samples, all in the wavelength range between 240 and 2500 nm. The emission and excitation measurements were made in the visible range. Five bands could be identified in the emission spectra, related to electronic transitions of the ion Eu3+ (4D0→7Fi, i from 0 to 4). In the excitation spectra, the following bands were detected: 7F0→5G3 (379 nm), 7F0→5G2 (380 nm), 7F0→5L6 (392 nm), 7F0→5D3 (407 nm), 7F0→5D2 (462 nm), and 7F0→5D1 (530 nm). The emission decay times were measured for the different samples and showed an inverse dependence with the Eu3+ concentration.