A Novel dual notched 4-element MIMO (Multi-Input-Multi-Output) antenna with gap sleeves and H-slot is proposed and fabricated for UWB (ultra wide-band) applications. The proposed antenna is CPW (Co-Planar Waveguide) fed and consists of four orthogonal elements with good isolation. It has low profile and small dimensions of 80 × 80 × 1.6mm 3 . The proposed MIMO antenna achieved an impedance bandwidth (S11 < −10dB) from 2.1GHz -20GHz with notches from 3.3GHz -4.1GHz and 8.2GHz -8.6GHz frequency bands. These achieved notches can filter the interference of WiMAX(3.3GHz -3.7GHz), and military/radar applications band (8.2GHz -8.6GHz). Mutual coupling among the elements is also below −25dB. The performance parameters of proposed MIMO antenna are relatively good with very low ECC (Envelop Correlation Coefficient) less than 0.02 except at notches and DG (Diversity Gain) nearly 10. Peak gain of 5.8dB is achieved by the proposed antenna and the radiation efficiency is also above 80% except at notches.The computer-generated and experimental results are in accord and therefore, the proposed four element MIMO antenna can be suggested as a suitable aspirant for UWB applications with stop bands for WiMAX and military/radar applications.INDEX TERMS Co-planar waveguide (CPW) fed, diversity gain (DG), envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), isolation, multi input multi output (MIMO) antenna, mutual coupling, orthogonal elements.
The 1% Fe 3 O 4 nanodoped in dodecyloxy benzoic acid induces cholesteric phase quenching the nematic phase that the pure compound exhibits. Further, the solid-solid transition also occurs when compared to the pure compound and the transition temperatures are reduced along with the cholesteric thermal ranges of LC phases. The histogram is the operation by which the occurrences of intensity value in the image is shown. Further, histogram equalisation is the technique through which the dynamic range of the histogram of an image can be increased. Histogram equalisation method is used in this article to analyse the 12Oba + 1% Fe 3 O 4 nanodoped liquid crystalline textures by considering global and local image information and for the adjustment of image intensities to enhance the contrast. The basic idea of histogram equalisation is to remap the grey levels of the image, and this method is used to identify the uniform regions and detect the defects that are not clearly observed from the textures that are recorded by polarising microscope.
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