In 5 March 2001, a severe rust outbreak was recorded at Pitapó, Paraguay, and the causal organism was determined to be Phakopsora pachyrhizi using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis. In May, rust surveys showed spread throughout most of Paraguay and into western and northern Parana, Brazil. In the 2001-02 season, rust was widespread in Paraguay, but losses were reduced due to severe drought; however, in Brazil it spread to more than 60% of the soybean acreage, causing field losses estimated at 0.1 million metric tons (MMT). In 2003, the disease was observed in more than 90% of the fields in Brazil, and the projected losses in Mato Grosso and Bahia alone are 2.2 MMT (US$487.3 million). Approximately 80% of the soybean acreage in Brazil was sprayed twice with fungicides at the cost of US$544 million. Differences in efficacy have been observed among the commercial strobilurin and triazol fungicides.

U nderstanding and quantifying photoperiod × temperature interactions often directly aff ects soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeders and producers when selecting varieties, determining dates of planting, predicting dates of fl owering and maturity, and predicting fi nal yields (Zhang et al., 2001). Eff ect of the photoperiod response on area of adaptation is more pronounced in the soybean than in any other major crop. As soybean is classifi ed as a short-day plant, sensitivity to photoperiod is a hindering factor in increasing its adaptation range. When soybeans are cultivated under short-day conditions, in out-of-season plantings or in low latitude, those plants with the classic response to photoperiod fl ower early and result in short plants and low grain yields (Carpentieri-Pípolo et al., 2000). The length of the growing season for photoperiodic sensitive crops such as soybean is defi ned by complex interactions between temperature and photoperiod (Raper and Kramer, 1987). ABSTRACTMaturity classifi cation is an important concept to provide the best allocation of resources for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] research and commercialization. A similar maturity group system used in North America is being used for some seed companies in Brazil and needs research to improve its use. This study evaluated the maturity stability of 48 midwestern and 40 southern Brazilian commercial cultivars ranging from North American maturity groups VI to VIII at 15 locations. Relative maturity groups were attributed to all cultivars. All trials were planted in the fi rst half of November. The effect of location was very important in infl uencing the number of days to maturity, number of days to fl owering and reproductive growth period (RGP). The genotype × environment interaction, although statistically signifi cant, was much lower than the individual effects of environment and genotype for all traits and regions. Genotype × latitude and genotype × altitude, considering also years of evaluation, were generally low or nonsignifi cant. A recommended list was developed of the most stable genotypes and, consequently, of the most suitable check genotypes for each maturity group classifi cation in the southern and midwestern regions. Results indicate that the use in Brazil of a maturity group system similar to that used in North America to classify soybean genotypes is an effi cient method for describing relative maturity on a broad environmental basis.

Resumo A previsão da data de floração da soja é importante para o manejo da cultura e para o uso em modelos de crescimento e de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de quantificar o efeito do fotoperíodo e da temperatura na duração do período de florescimento, e avaliar a resposta de um modelo linear simples para predizer o período de floração de genótipos de soja de diferentes grupos de maturação, em diferentes épocas. Foi avaliada a habilidade da equação D = a + b T + c F, onde a , b e c são parâmetros empíricos, e T e F representam a média da temperatura e do fotoperíodo entre a emergência e a floração. Os parâmetros no modelo foram avaliados mediante análise de regressão múltipla, combinando os dados de dois anos agrícolas, em Passo Fundo, RS, em relação a cada genótipo. O período entre a emergência e o florescimento foi afetado pela temperatura e pelo fotoperíodo. As cultivares e a linhagem apresentaram diferentes sensibilidades a cada um desses fatores, resultando em coeficientes distintos. As datas de floração estimadas e observadas foram altamente significativas (r 2 superiores a 0,77) em todos os genótipos, com uma variação de erro-padrão entre 2,4 e 4,8 dias.Termos para indexação: Glycine max, floração, fatores ambientais, época de semeadura. Quantitative response of soybean flowering to temperature and photoperiodAbstract Predicting the time of soybean flowering is a critical step for crop management practices, as well as for the development of crop models. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of photoperiod and of temperature on the duration of the flowering period, and to evaluate the response of a simple linear model for predicting the flowering period of soybean genotypes of different maturation groups within different epochs. The ability of the equation D = a + b T + c F, where a , b and c are empirical parameters, and T and F refer to the medium temperature and to the photoperiod between emergence and flowering, was evaluated. Evaluation of the coefficients were carried out through multiple regression analysis combining the data sets from two growing seasons for each genotype (1995/96 and 1996/97) in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. Multiple regression analysis showed that the period between emergence and flowering was influenced by temperature and photoperiod. The cultivars under study showed different susceptibilities to each factor, resulting in specific coefficients. The agreement between observed and predicted time of flowering was highly significant for all genotypes (r 2 higher than 0.77) with standard deviations ranging from 2.4 and 4.8 days.Index terms: Glycine max, flowering, environmental factors, sowing date.(1) Aceito para publicação em 2 de junho de 2000. Introdução Fotoperíodo e temperatura são importantes para o desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, por provocarem mudanças qualitativas ao longo do seu ciclo. As respostas a esses dois fatores não são lineares durante o ciclo de vida da cultura, pois existem

BackgroundDrought is by far the most important environmental factor contributing to yield losses in crops, including soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. To address this problem, a gene that encodes an osmotin-like protein isolated from Solanum nigrum var. americanum (SnOLP) driven by the UBQ3 promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana was transferred into the soybean genome by particle bombardment.ResultsTwo independently transformed soybean lines expressing SnOLP were produced. Segregation analyses indicated single-locus insertions for both lines. qPCR analysis suggested a single insertion of SnOLP in the genomes of both transgenic lines, but one copy of the hpt gene was inserted in the first line and two in the second line. Transgenic plants exhibited no remarkable phenotypic alterations in the seven analyzed generations. When subjected to water deficit, transgenic plants performed better than the control ones. Leaf physiological measurements revealed that transgenic soybean plants maintained higher leaf water potential at predawn, higher net CO2 assimilation rate, higher stomatal conductance and higher transpiration rate than non-transgenic plants. Grain production and 100-grain weight were affected by water supply. Decrease in grain productivity and 100-grain weight were observed for both transgenic and non-transgenic plants under water deficit; however, it was more pronounced for non-transgenic plants. Moreover, transgenic lines showed significantly higher 100-grain weight than non-transgenic plants under water shortage.ConclusionsThis is the first report showing that expression of SnOLP in transgenic soybeans improved physiological responses and yield components of plants when subjected to water deficit, highlighting the potential of this gene for biotechnological applications.

Somatic embryos of the commercial soybean (Glycine max) cultivar IAS5 were co-transformed using particle bombardment with a synthetic form of the Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin crystal protein gene cry1Ac, the β-glucuronidase reporter gene gusA and the hygromycin resistance gene hpt. Hygromycin-resistant tissues were proliferated individually to give rise to nine sets of clones corresponding to independent transformation events. The co-bombardment resulted in a co-transformation efficiency of 44%. Many histodifferentiated embryos and 30 well-developed plants were obtained. Twenty of these plants flowered and fourteen set seeds. The integration and expression of the cry1Ac, gusA and hpt transgenes into the genomes of a sample of transformed embryos and all T 0 , T 1 , T 2 and T 3 plants were confirmed by Gus activity, PCR, Southern and western blot, and ELISA techniques. Two T 0 plants out of the seven co-transformed plants produced seeds and were analyzed for patterns of integration and inheritance until the T 3 generation. Bioassays indicated that the transgenic plants were highly toxic to the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis, thus offering a potential for effective insect resistance in soybean.