Labeling of food allergens in accordance with legal regulations is important to protect the health of allergic consumers. The requirements for detecting allergens in foods involve adequate specificity and sensitivity to identify very small amounts of the target allergens in complex food matrices and processed foods. In this work, one hundred commercial samples were analyzed for walnut detection using three different methods: a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit based on polyclonal antibodies, a direct ELISA using a recombinant multimeric scFv, and a real time PCR. The most sensitive method was real time PCR followed by sandwich ELISA kit and multimeric scFv ELISA. There was agreement between the three methods for walnut detection in commercial products, except for some heat-treated samples or those that contained pecan. The walnut ELISA kit was less affected by sample processing than was the multimeric scFv ELISA, but there was cross-reactivity with pecan, producing some false positives that must be confirmed by real time PCR. According to the results obtained, 7.0 to 12.6% of samples (depending on the analytical method) contained walnut but did not declare it, confirming there is a risk for allergic consumers. Moreover, there was one sample (3.7%) labelled as containing walnut but that tested negative for this tree nut. Genetic and immunoenzymatic techniques offer complementary approaches to develop a reliable verification for walnut allergen labeling.
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dietas con alta concentración de Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre la proliferación de hemocitos en camarones Cryphiops caementarius machos. Los camarones (5.3 ± 1.2 cm de longitud total y 7.4 ± 2.9 g de peso total) se colectaron del río Pativilca (Perú). Cada camarón se mantuvo en un recipiente instalado dentro del acuario (seis camarones por acuario). Se empleó una dieta control (3% de levadura) y tres dietas experimentales (6, 9 y 12% de levadura) con dos repeticiones por tratamiento durante 28 días de cultivo. El número total de hemocitos fue mayor (p<0.05) con 6% de levadura (134.75 x 105 cél/ml), así mismo el número de granulocitos (31.44 x 105 cél/ml) y semigranulocitos (102.44 x 105 cél/ml). El número de hialinocitos disminuyó en todos los tratamientos y se mantuvo entre 0.31 y 1.56 x 105 cél/ml. El número de hemocitos atípicos se mantuvieron bajos en todos los tratamientos y sin diferencias con el basal (0.31 x 105 cél/ml). La dieta con 6% de levadura incrementó (p<0.05) el número total de hemocitos y los hemocitos granulocitos y semigranulocitos en los camarones machos C. caementarius. En cambio, las dietas con 9 y 12% de levadura afectaron (p<0.05) la proliferación de hemocitos totales y diferenciales.
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