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In this present study, Karpura shilajit bhasma, an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation, currently used in the Ayurvedic clinical practice as a diuretic drug, was investigated chemically and pharmacologically. Content of iron and nitrogen were determined by volumetric analysis and content of calcium, magnesium and aluminium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). LD 50 , gross behavioral studies and diuretic activity were evaluated in experimental animals.Calcium was found to be the major element (24.6044% w/w). The LD 50 was found to be 4.625 g/kg p.o. body weight in mice. Karpura shilajit bhasma produced mild reduction in motor coordination and mild sedation during the first 2 h after administration at the doses of 500-5000 mg/kg p.o. in mice. The diuretic activity was found to be significant (P < 0.01) at minimum dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. in rats and dose dependant up to 1000 mg/kg p.o. Furthermore, natriuretic effect was found to be significant (P < 0.01), while no significant change was observed on urinary potassium excretion. The present study justified the use of Karpura shilajit bhasma as a diuretic drug. The results of this study could be used as a model data in the standardization of Karpura shilajit bhasma.

Few-layered reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is prepared from graphite by chemical exfoliation method. In half cell, RGO electrode delivers a specific capacitance value of 41 mF cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH. An attempt is made to improve the capacitance properties of RGO by widening the operating voltage window and improving the charge storage capability through the use of metal oxide nanoparticles as electrolyte additives. The specific capacitance of RGO increases to 62 mF cm−2 and 87 mF cm−2 when ZnO and SiOx nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the electrolyte, respectively, at 0.5 mA cm−2. For a power density of 1.5 mW cm−2, the symmetric supercapacitor assembled using ZnO and SiOx nanofluid electrolyte delivers an energy density of 2.6 μWh cm−2 and 3.03 μWh cm−2, respectively, which is 2.7 and 3.1 times the value of energy density obtained for symmetric supercapacitor assembled using KOH electrolyte. The nanofluid electrolytes show high stability even after 60 d and the electrochemical performance of RGO is reproducible in the aged nanofluid electrolytes. The RGO electrode shows stable cycling for the tested number of 10000 cycles in all the electrolytes.