Crop-livestock systems are regaining their importance as an alternative to unsustainable intensive farming systems. Loss of biodiversity, nutrient pollution and habitat fragmentation are a few of many concerns recently reported with modern agriculture. Integrating crops and pastures in no-till systems can result in better environmental services, since conservation agriculture is improved by system diversity, paths of nutrient flux, and other processes common in nature. The presence of large herbivores can positively modify nutrient pathways and soil aggregation, increasing soil quality. Despite the low diversity involved, the integration of crops and pastures enhances nature's biomimicry and allows attainment of a higher system organization level. This paper illustrates these benefits focusing on the use of grazing animals integrated with crops under no-tillage systems characteristic of southern Brazil.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das alturas de pastejo e dos sucessivos ciclos de pastejo sobre os atributos físicos do solo, em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária. O experimento foi implantado em 2001, na região do Planalto Médio, RS, em um Latossolo Vermelho, com o cultivo consorciado de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) e de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa), sob pastejo contínuo, no inverno, e o cultivo de soja (Glycine max) no verão. Os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes intensidades de pastejo, definidas pela altura da pastagem (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm), tendo-se utilizado uma área sem pastejo como controle. Foram avaliadas a densidade e a porosidade do solo após o ciclo de pastejo e de cultivo da soja, bem como a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração e a estabilidade de agregados no sétimo ano do experimento. Não houve alterações significativas na densidade e na porosidade do solo após sete anos em integração lavoura-pecuária. A resistência do solo à penetração é maior na camada superficial após o ciclo de pastejo. A agregação do solo aumenta nas áreas pastejadas, independentemente da intensidade de pastejo.Termos para indexação: densidade do solo, pastejo, porosidade, resistência à penetração, sistemas integrados de produção. Evolution of soil physical attributes in an integrated crop-livestock systemAbstract -The objective of this work was to assess the effect of sward height and successive grazing cycles over soil physical attributes in an integrated crop-livestock system. The experiment was established in 2001, in the Planalto Médio region, RS, Brazil, in a Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol), with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) intercropped with black oat (Avena strigosa), under continuous grazing, during the winter, and single cropped soybean (Glycine max) during the summer. The treatments consisted of different grazing intensities, determined by sward height (10, 20, 30, and 40 cm), and a no-grazing area was used as a control. Soil bulk density and soil porosity were evaluated at the end of the grazing and soybean cycles, as well as soil resistance to mechanic penetration and aggregate stability in the seventh year of the experiment. No significant differences were found on soil bulk density and soil porosity after seven years under crop-livestock integration. Soil resistance to penetration is higher on the superficial layer after the grazing cycle. Soil aggregation increases in grazing areas, regardless of grazing intensities.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de coberturas de inverno e da descompactação mecânica do solo sobre o desempenho de soja e milho, em sistema de plantio direto. Foram Soybean and corn yield after soil winter covers and soil mechanical looseningAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil winter covers and soil mechanical loosening on soybean and corn yield, in no-tillage system. Two experiments were carried oud in Rio Increasing working depths of the chisel-type furrow opener did not affect soybean or corn yields. Soil chiseling reduced soybean and corn yields in comparison to the continuous no-tillage system.
-The integrated crop-livestock-forest system can enhance the production of soybeans, meat and wood in regions characterized by sandy soils and warm climate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of soybean, Urochloa ruziziensis grass and eucalyptus in an integrated system during the first four years after the establishment of eucalyptus in the northwestern region of Paraná state, Brazil. The experiment was established in October 2009, using soybean (summer) -U. ruziziensis (autumn/winter) succession between single rows of Corymbia maculata (eucalyptus species). The spacing between tree rows and eucalyptus plants in the row were 14 and 4.2 m, respectively. Adjacent plots had the same soybean-U. ruziziensis succession, but without eucalyptus. The spatial variability of soybean grain yields and grass shoot dry matter production was evaluated with and without trees, and the data was analyzed using geostatistics, with the results expressed as spatial variability maps. The tree component did not significantly affect soybean yield in the first two growing seasons. In the 3rd and 4th growing season (2011/12 and 2012/13), the interference of eucalyptus reduced the soybean grain yield by 2.9 and 27.0%, respectively, and the effect was stronger close to the tree rows. In July 2012, the tree component reduced the shoot dry matter productivity of U. ruziziensis by 29.2%. At 19 and 35 months after eucalyptus planting, the cumulative wood volume production was 0.73 and 5.17 m 3 ha -1, respectively.Key words: Eucalyptus. Glycine max L.. Urochloa ruziziensis. Sandy soil. Spatial and temporal variability.RESUMO -O sistema integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta pode viabilizar a produção de soja, carne e madeira em regiões que apresentam solos arenosos e clima quente. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de soja, Urochloa ruziziensis e eucalipto em sistema integrado, durante os quatro primeiros anos de implantação, na região Noroeste do Paraná. O experimento foi implantado em outubro de 2009, usando a sucessão soja-U. ruziziensis nos entre renques simples de Corymbia maculata (espécie de eucalipto utilizada). Os espaçamentos entre renques e plantas foram de 14 e 4,2 m, respectivamente. Em área contígua, foi usada a mesma sucessão de culturas, mas sem o eucalipto. Os rendimentos de soja e de capim foram avaliados na ausência e presença de árvores, de forma espacializada, sendo os dados analisados por geoestatística e os resultados expressos por mapas de variabilidade espacial. O componente arbóreo não afetou a produtividade de soja nas duas primeiras safras. Na terceira e quarta safras, 2011/12 e 2012/13, a redução de produtividade ocasionada pela interferência do eucalipto foi de 2,9 e 27,0%, sendo mais intensa nas proximidades das árvores.
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