Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is still valid as an important system to increase performance of fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communication technologies. Spectrum efficiency (SE), high data rate and energy efficiency (EE) are among these performances. Recently, due to the increase in interconnected devices, the spread of internet of things (IoT) systems and the limited resources, various performance improvements have become inevitable. It is seen that there are various studies to realize such improvements with Massive MIMO. There are many researches especially for spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency. Because issue of energy and bandwidth problem are among the issues that need to be solved and developed first. In recent years, it is understood that power allocation algorithms have been focused on solving these two problems. In this study, researches on power allocation algorithms for MIMO systems are examined. The main points of the studies are emphasized. In addition, the comparison of three different power allocation algorithms, which will be among the basic power allocation algorithms, are carried out in terms of spectrum efficiency.

In this paper, we propose a distinctive pilot power allocation algorithm to maximize the sum rate in a multi-cell multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. The algorithm optimizes pilot powers by polarizing the corresponding SINR values. In order to polarize SINRs, the difference between average SINR per cell and individual SINR is calculated for each user of the whole cells. The exponential form of the difference is used in the calculations of the weights for power allocation. New power values are obtained in proportion to these weights. Therefore, the power budget is utilized more efficiently thanks to these optimized power values. The efficiency of the algorithm is measured using the cumulative average SINR of the simulation system. Furthermore, equal pilot power allocation (EPPA) and water-filling pilot power allocation (WF-PPA) schemes are also implemented to compare the performances under the same simulation environments. A vast number of simulations results prove that our proposed heuristic approach is more efficient than EPPA and WF-PPA methods.

Spectrum efficiency studies of Massive MIMO systems have continued and still have not been fully explored in the literature. Therefore, the spectrum efficiency definition of a particular user in a cell in a Massive MIMO network is expressed in this paper. In addition, the uplink spectrum efficiency expressions for the Rayleigh fading are included. The Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify these expressions. Due to the expectation of reaching to a thousand antennas together with the millimetre wave structure in the next years, in this study, it is contributed to the literature by explaining how to select the pilot reuse factor. The realization of this contribution is based on Zero Forcing (ZF) and Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) schemes. The results of this study are useful for optimal design conditions, such as the number of antennas on the base station and pilot reuse factor selection for the next generation networks in order to obtain spectrum efficiency in Massive MIMO systems.

Suppose that a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is developed from scratch to equally envelop a defined region with optimal spectrum efficiency (SE) in next generation wireless communication systems such as sixth-generation (6G) and beyond networks. What are the ideal number of user terminals U, number of base stations antennas, and used pilot reuse factor? The purpose of this paper is to address this specific issue. Three interference levels are specified for this. Based on these interference levels, signal-to-interference-and-noise ratios (SINRs) are extracted. Closed-form spectrum efficiency equations are thus obtained. As a function of the base station (BS) antenna number, simulations are carried out considering multiple pilot reuse factors and diverse processing schemes such as Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) and Zero-Forcing (ZF). From the results, it is understood that U varies according to the processing schemes. Therefore, evaluating the results considering the fixed number of users K will not give an accurate result in determining the design parameters for the next generation communication systems. In general, these results are useful statements that spectrum efficiency is maximized when the ideal number of users U is used in multi-cell systems.

In this paper, we propose a novel pilot power allocation method that focuses on the maximization of the energy efficiency. The core algorithm of this method, which is a dynamic approach that takes into account signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), is called pilot power allocation polarizing SINRs (PS-PPA). The aim is to maximize the energy efficiency of the system along with the proposed pilot power allocation method using this algorithm in a multi-cell multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. The algorithm determines difference between average SINR per cell and SINRs of users individually, during the scan of the whole cells sequentially. Therefore, it always updates the allocation for the latest SINR of users in power updates to improve the energy efficiency of the system. In power updates, PS-PPA calculates weights using an exponential function of the SINR difference. This weighting function is defined for each real number, so it can always result in a specific number. In addition, the weighting function is performed in the [ρ min ,ρ max ] range where the power values are predefined. The energy efficiency of the system is measured in a number of simulations by calculating the average SINR per cell. Furthermore, all these performance results are obtained for equal pilot power allocation (EPPA) and water-filling pilot power allocation (WF-PPA) schemes. As a result of simulation results, proposed pilot power allocation method has proven to be more superior than EPPA and WF-PPA methods.