Resumen-Este artículo presenta la aplicación de un sistema de captura de gestos con el fin de manipular dos robots quirúr-gicos virtuales. El sistema de captura de gestos se realiza por medio de un dispositivo Kinect, el cual detecta el movimiento de las manos del usuario con el fin de mover los robots quirúr-gicos, y de su rodilla derecha, utilizada para cambiar los instrumentos quirúrgicos de cada robot. Este sistema de captura con interfaz natural se prueba en un simulador quirúrgico para operaciones de laparoscopia, el cual consta de un robot porta endoscopio que se manipula con un joystick, y los dos robots quirúrgicos cuyos órganos terminales son guiados a partir de las señales captadas por el dispositivo Kinect, las cuales son transformadas en movimientos articulares de los robots debido al modelo cinemático. El sistema se prueba en una rutina de extracción de vesícula (colecistectomía) robotizada, permitiendo al usuario un mejor manejo gracias al uso de esta interfaz natural.Palabras clave-Dispositivo Kinect, interfaces naturales, robots quirúrgicos, simuladores quirúrgicos.Abstract-This article presents a gesture capture system for manipulating two virtual surgical robots. Gesture capture uses Kinect device to detect the movement of the user´s hand to move the surgical robots, and his right knee to change the needed surgical tools. This natural interface capture system is proved on a surgical simulator for laparoscopic, that has a holder endoscopic robot manipulated by a joystick, and two surgical robots that are guided by the Kinect device. Kinematics model is used to transform Kinect captured signals to articular movements for the robots. System is tested on a robotic cholecystectomy, allowing a more natural manipulation to the user.

<div><p class="4">This paper introduces the implementation of a virtual laparoscopic surgery simulator assisted by robot. This type of simulator requires three robots: an endoscope robot (Hibou robot in this case) and two surgical robots (Lapbot robot and PA-10 robot in this case). The three robots are operated by the joystick in cholecystectomy and included in the motion deformation algorithm, which modifies the organ to contact the end organ of robot PA-10, so as to make the simulator more realistic. This result provides a basis for laparoscopic surgery simulation using three auxiliary robots, which is an ideal method for training new surgeons.</p></div>

El trabajo presenta la implementación de un simulador quirúrgico virtual para operaciones de laparoscopia utilizando asistentes robóticos. Para este tipo de simuladores son necesarios tres robots: un robot portaendoscopio (en este caso se utiliza un robot Hibou) y dos robots quirúrgicos (en este caso un robot Lapbot y un robot tipo PA-10). Los tres robots son manejados por joystick en un ejercicio de extracción de vesícula biliar (colecistectomía), y se incluyen en el ejercicio algoritmos de deformación que modifican los órganos al contacto del órgano terminal del robot PA-10, imprimiéndole mayor realismo al simulador. Los resultados proporcionan la base de un simulador quirúrgico utilizando tres robots asistenciales, en un ejercicio común en laparoscopia, ideal para el entrenamiento de nuevos cirujanos.

This paper presents a review about neurosurgery, robotic assistants in this type of procedure, and the approach to the problem of brain tissue displacement, including techniques for obtaining medical images. It is especially focused on the phenomenon of brain displacement, commonly known as brain shift, which causes a loss of reference between the preoperative images and the volumes to be treated during image-guided surgery. Hypothetically, with brain shift prediction and correction for the neuronavigation system, minimal invasion trajectories could be planned and shortened. This would reduce damage to functional tissues and possibly lower the morbidity and mortality in delicate and demanding medical procedures such as the removal of a brain tumor. This paper also mentions other issues associated with neurosurgery and shows the way robotized systems have helped solve these problems. Finally, it highlights the future perspectives of neurosurgery, a branch of medicine that seeks to treat the ailments of the main organ of the human body from the perspective of many disciplines.