Abstract-More than 140 thermal waters of Japan were studied isotopically and chemi cally. Highly saline brines at Arima and Takarazuka, Hyogo-Ken, and Ishibotoke near Osaka indicate wide ranges of 5180 and 51) values from meteoric values of 5`0 = -8.2 and SD = -50.0 %o SMOW to highly shifted values of +6.5 and -27.8 %o, respectively. The isotopic values of these brines vary proportionally with chloride concentration irrespec tive of temperature, carbonate concentration or locality. These saline waters are iso topically and chemically best explained as the mixtures of local meteoric waters and a saline brine of C 1 = 43,700 ppm, 5180 = +8 %o and 8D = -30 to -25 %o. The latter is most likely the "residual magmatic, metamorphic or geothermal" fluid associated with upper Cretaceous rhyolitic and granitic rocks and Ryoke metamorphic rocks in which these brines are found. Thermal waters at Ikeda and in adjacent areas, Shimane-Ken and at Senami, Niigata-Ken, are similar to the Arima brines in the isotopic and major element chemistry, but are much more diluted by the respective local meteoric waters.Many of the thermal waters along the ocean coasts are isotopically intermediate between oceanic and local meteoric waters and are considered to be mixtures of the two types of water. As a result of hydrothermal mineral-sea water interaction, the coastal thermal waters differ considerably in the chemistry from fresh sea water and are typical of Na-Ca-Cl type. The coastal thermal waters isotopically and chemically may be similar, if not the same, to submarine hydrothermal ore fluids responsible for the Kuroko type mineralization. The isotopic values and their relationship to salinity, however, widely differ from one system to another depending on the hydrogeological conditions of each system. The coastal thermal waters at Ibusuki of Ata Caldera, Kagoshima-Ken, for instance, are significantly affected by the waters from three crater lakes, Lake Ikeda, Unagi-Ike and Kagami-Ike, in which the 5180 and 6D values are meteorologically balanced at such high values as -2.6 and -19.4%o, respectively. Many thermal waters of neutral chloride type in the "green tuff" regions of the inner Honshu also are simple meteoric in origin without showing any significant isotopic shifts, although the waters are relatively high in salinity and SO4/Cl ratios.
INTRODUCTIONMost of the thermal spring systems in Japan are closely associated with Tertiary to Recent volcanic and plutonic rocks. Most of the springs are in the "green tuff regions that contain Miocene geosynclinal sediments with abundant submarine pyro clastic rocks and lava flows (Fig. 1). The "green tuffs" also are the host rocks for many "Kuroko" ore deposits . Chemical and geological evidence led many Japanese investigators (e.g. NAKAMURA, 1962; UZUMASA, 1965; YUHARA and SENO, 1969) to believe that the waters and dissolved chemical species of Japanese thermal water systems originate from at least three major sources, that is, volanic, oceanic (present-day), and fossil or connate, the last...
