WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Tamoxifen is metabolized to active metabolites, 4‐hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen, by multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes including CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9/19, CYP1A2 and CYP2B6.• The steady‐state plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites can be affected by variations in the activity of these enzymes.• Although CYP2D6*4 and *10 have been shown to influence the plasma concentration of endoxifen in Caucasian and Korean patients respectively, there is still a paucity of data on CYP2D6 pharmacogenetics in other Orientals such as Chinese, Malays and Indians.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Pharmacogenetic analyses of a comprehensive panel of CYP2D6 polymorphisms (*2, *2A, *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8, *9, *10, *12, *14, *17, *29, *41 and *xN) were performed in three distinct Asian ethnic groups and breast cancer patients with CYP2D6*5 and *10 found to be highly prevalent.• Both CYP2D6*5 and *10 were significantly associated with lower endoxifen and higher N‐desmethyltamoxifen concentrations as well as a lower rate of metabolic conversion of N‐desmethyltamoxifen to endoxifen.• Polymorphisms present in CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 were not found to be significantly associated with plasma concentrations of analytes suggesting that these enzymes may be playing minor roles in the metabolic pathway of tamoxifen compared with CYP2D6.AIM To investigate the impact of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its metabolites in Asian breast cancer patients.METHODS A total of 165 Asian breast cancer patients receiving 20 mg tamoxifen daily and 228 healthy Asian subjects (Chinese, Malay and Indian; n= 76 each) were recruited. The steady‐state plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites were quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The CYP2D6 polymorphisms were genotyped using the INFINITI™ CYP450 2D6I assay, while the polymorphisms in CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 were determined via direct sequencing.RESULTS The polymorphisms, CYP2D6*5 and *10, were significantly associated with lower endoxifen and higher N‐desmethyltamoxifen (NDM) concentrations. Patients who were *1/*1 carriers exhibited 2.4‐ to 2.6‐fold higher endoxifen concentrations and 1.9‐ to 2.1‐fold lower NDM concentrations than either *10/*10 or *5/*10 carriers (P < 0.001). Similarly, the endoxifen concentrations were found to be 1.8‐ to 2.6‐times higher in *1/*5 or *1/*10 carriers compared with *10/*10 and *5/*10 carriers (P≤ 0.001). Similar relationships were observed between the CYP2D6 polymorphisms and metabolic ratios of tamoxifen and its metabolites. No significant associations were observed with regards to the polymorphisms in CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19.CONCLUSIONS The present study in Asian breast cancer patients showed that CYP2D6*5/*10 and *10/*10 genotypes are associated with significantly lower concentrations of the active metabolite of tamoxifen, endoxifen. Identifying such patients before the start of treatment may be useful in optimizing therapy with tamoxifen. The role of CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 seem to be minor.

PCD is a better treatment option than PNA for the management of large liver abscesses of size >10 cm, in terms of duration to attain clinical relief and duration for which parenteral antibiotics are needed.

PCD is a better treatment option than PNA for the management of large (>10 cm diameter) amoebic liver abscess, in terms of duration to attain clinical relief and duration for which parentral antibiotics were needed.