The goal of this work was to evaluate the potential of reduced application rates in apple trees as well as the potential of selective spray applications by using sensor-based tree detection techniques in Serbian fruit production. Their economical and biological effect was evaluated based on the quality and efficiency of the crop protection and technoeconomic analysis. Results showed that during suitable weather conditions and with properly adjusted sprayer settings, a reduced application rate of 381 L ha -1 gave same quality of crop protection as a medium application rate of 759 L ha -1 . A two-year efficiency trial on Venturia inaequalis and Podosphaera leucitricha infecting apple also showed that there was no significant difference in crop protection results for different types of orchard application techniques and application rates. The techno-economic analysis showed that selective application should be introduced in practice in areas > 3 ha given that the cost of their introduction pays off after 2-3 seasons. Every subsequent season would give a clear economic profit. Besides the economic benefits, selective application technique also has a significant positive ecological effect due to reduction of spray losses and the amount of plant protection products used.
This study reviews test results for a biomass-fired hot water boiler with a nominal boiler thermal power of 120 kW. In the experiments, prismatic wheat straw bales were used as biomass. The impact of the quantity (220, 290, 360 and 430 m 3 h −1 ) of inlet air fed to the boiler firebox was continuously monitored. This was to examine the influence of the quantity of inlet air and recirculation (0, 16.5 and 33%) of combustion products on the boiler thermal power and boiler energy efficiency. Thus, the following mathematical models and formulas were presented: correlation between boiler thermal power and bale residence time; bale mass loss during the combustion process; correlation between boiler energy efficiency and bale residence time. Mathematical models were obtained by using experimental data and by applying nonlinear regression analysis. Adjustment evaluation of mathematical models with experimental data was performed based on the determination coefficient, t-test and F-test. Increase the amount of air throughout the firebox produced boiler thermal power increase and bale residence time decrease. It was shown that combustion products recirculation of 16.5% partly improved boiler characteristics, while the recirculation of 33% did not, comparing with the case without recirculation.
This study aimed to determine the effects of osmotic dehydration on the kinetics of hot air drying of apricot halves under conditions that were similar to the industrial ones. The osmotic process was performed in a sucrose solution at 40 and 60 °C and concentrations of 50% and 65%. As expected increased temperatures and concentrations of the solution resulted in increased water loss, solid gain and shrinkage. The kinetics of osmotic dehydration were well described by the Peleg model. The effective diffusivity of water 5.50–7.387 × 10−9 m2/s and solute 8.315 × 10−10–1.113 × 10−9 m2/s was calculated for osmotic dehydration. Hot air drying was carried out at 40, 50, and 60 °C with air flow velocities of 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s. The drying time shortened with higher temperature and air velocity. The calculated effective diffusion of water was from 3.002 × 10−10 m2/s to 1.970 × 10−9 m2/s. The activation energy was sensitive to selected air temperatures, so greater air velocity resulted in greater activation energy: 46.379–51.514 kJ/mol, and with the osmotic pretreatment, it decreased to 35.216–46.469 kJ/mol. Osmotic dehydration reduced the effective diffusivity of water during the hot air drying process. It also resulted in smaller shrinkage of apricot halves in the hot air drying process.
The paper analyzes alfalfa seed cleaning using a magnetic separator, and the influence of the dodder seed amount on the cleaned seed amount. Seed cleaning was performed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad and three alfalfa seed lots were cleaned after passing through the primary cleaning process (selector, gravity table and roll mill). After cleaning, the quantity of pure seed (kg), waste (kg) and the time used for cleaning (h) was measured. The input quantity of all three seed lots was 1000 kg, whereas the waste ranged from 7.8 to 9.8 kg after cleaning. The purpose of this study is to monitor the operation of a magnetic separator in order to determine the amount of waste after cleaning. On the basis of the results obtained, an insight into the influence of the dodder seed amount on the cleaning rate and the required number of cleaning repetitions was obtained. REZIMEPri doradi semena lucerke veoma je važno dobiti čisto seme bez prisutva karantinskih korova. U radu je analiziran proces dorade semena lucerke na magnetnom prečistaču (dekuskutoru) tipa Emceka Gompper i uticaj količine semena viline kosice (Cuscuta spp.) na dobijenu količinu prečišćenog semena. Po zakonu o čistoći semena, u dorađenom semenu lucerke nije dozvoljeno prisustvo ni jednog semena viline kosice. Dorada semena lucerke urađena je u Zavodu za krmno bilje u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, a dorađivane su tri partije semena koje je prošlo primarni proces dorade (selektor, gravitacioni sto i rol mašinu). Partije su imale različitu količinu semena viline kosice. Nakon procesa dorade je merena količina čistog semena (kg), otpada (kg) i vremena potrebnog za prečišćavanje (h). Ulazna količina sve tri prečišćavanje partije semena lucerke je iznosila 1000 kg a nakon prečišćavanja otpad je iznosio od 7,8 do 9,8 kg. Cilj ispitivanja je bio praćenje rada mašine Emceka Gompper kako bi se ustanovila količina izdvojenog otpada, tj gubitaka semena u procesu prečišćavanja. Na osnovu rezultata dobija se uvid u uticaj količine semena viline kosice na brzinu prečišćavanja i potreban broj ponavljanja prečišćavanja semena lucerke.
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