Aim: To study the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and the impact of associated familial factors in Turkish children with a different socioeconomic status. Methods: A specific questionnaire was distributed to 3,000 parents of primary school children (6–12 years old). Of these children, 1,500 attended primary schools in Umraniye, a suburban region of Istanbul (group 1), and the other 1,500 children visited schools in Suadiye, a well-developed part of Istanbul (group 2). The first part of the survey investigated the familial conditions of the children (financial status, family history of enuresis, and family size). The second part of the questionnaire surveyed the demographic and physical characteristics of the children. The last part was designed to investigate the opinions and beliefs of the parents about nocturnal enuresis and treatment modalities. The prevalence rates of nocturnal enuresis and associated familial factors of these children from two different regions of Istanbul were compared. Results: Of the 3,000 questionnaires distributed, 2,589 (86.3%) were returned and included in the final analysis. The mean age of group 1 and 2 children was 8.88 ± 1.4 and 8.9 ± 1.5 years, respectively (p > 0.05). The gender of the subjects was equally distributed (48.6% males and 51.4% females). Enuresis was present in 334 children (25.5%) of group 1 and in 205 children (16%) of group 2. Enuresis was significantly more common in group 1 (p < 0.01). The families consisted of 4.69 ± 1.4 and 4.1 ± 1.1 persons, respectively (p < 0.01). A yearly income of USD 7,000 was achieved in group 2 by 54%, in group 1 by only 0.7% (p < 0.01). Only 26 children of group 1 (7.8%) and 22 children of group 2 (10.8%) were noted to receive medical enuresis treatments, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.01). The parents of the enuretic children from the suburban region of Istanbul were found to consider the condition a normal developmental entity. They believed that enuresis will resolve spontaneously and that no treatment is necessary. On the contrary, the parents of the enuretic children in the well-developed region of the city believed that enuresis is a psychological problem and that intensive psychological assistance is essential for the management. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in Turkey is comparable to that reported in the literature. The parents consider that enuresis nocturna is not a fatal disorder, that the drugs used in the treatment may be harmful, and that no medical assistance is required. Trained health personnel and physicians should inform the parents about enuresis in order to prevent possible behavioral and self-esteem problems.

The results suggest that if neurological examination of CFS patients are normal after their clinical status has stabilised, EEG should be performed after 7 days at the earliest, however for the most accurate diagnosis EEG should be performed 10 days after CFS. The most important predictor for neuroimaging was found to be detection of postictal neurologic deficit. MRI had no advantages over CT in first treating CFS in the emergency unit.

Background: A wide range of drugs are commonly used to treat bronchiolitis, but evidence of their effectiveness is limited. Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol in the treatment of patients with moderate-severe bronchiolitis. Methods: Sixty-nine infants with moderate-severe bronchiolitis hospitalized at their first episode of wheezing or crepitations in the chest were enrolled in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to receive nebulized salbutamol, ipratropium bromide or placebo. Main outcome measures were changes in oxygen saturation rates and clinical scores and duration of hospitalization. Results: In the bronchodilator groups, clinical scores were better compared to the placebo group at 30 min (8.4 ± 1.3 vs. 7.5 ± 0.8, p < 0.05). Bronchodilator groups had also significantly lower clinical scores (7.3 ± 1.2 vs. 5.9 ± 1.1, p < 0.0001, and 5.3 ± 1.4 vs. 4.5 ± 1.6, p = 0.006, respectively) and higher oxygen saturation rates compared to the placebo group at 8 and 24 h (89.6 ± 2.4 vs. 94.3 ± 4.4, and 92.2 ± 2.6 vs. 95.9 ±4.4, respectively, p < 0.0001). Improvement rates and duration of hospitalization were not statistically different among groups. Conclusions: Clinical scores and oxygen saturation levels improved more rapidly in the bronchodilator groups than in the placebo group up to 24 h, but these drugs did not have a sufficient effect to change the natural course of the disease.

Average TST induration in vaccinated children is significantly higher than that in unvaccinated children, and in the vaccinated group there is no statistically significant difference between induration values in the different age groups. BCG vaccination at the age of 0-2 mo affects TST for a long period and this condition does not change until 6 y of age.

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