The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originating from the Wuhan region of China, has caused devastating damages across the world. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been reported in global transportation (Abu-Rayash & Dincer, 2020) and power system (Gulati et al., 2021). The greatest impact has been on the global health system, overwhelming the health care facilities of many developed and developing countries (Armocida et al., 2020). COVID-19 infections could be asymptomatic, symptomatic or presymptomatic leading to severe forms which require intubation and can lead to death (Lee et al., 2020). For instance, older patients with more than one underlying medical condition (e.g., hypertension, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases etc.) are more predisposed to severe COVID-19 complications (Fang et al., 2020; R. T. CDC et al., 2020), although younger and healthier patients are more likely to respond faster to treatment (C. CDC et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2020). Multiple organ failure and cardiopulmonary complications, such as myopericarditis, pulmonary embolism and acute respiratory distress syndrome, represent some of the major complications of severe COVID-19. The COVID-19 outbreak has created a global health crisis. There are a total of 171,259,456 COVID-19 cases, 3,567,030 deaths worldwide as of 2 June 2021 (John Hopkins University, 2021) with Nigeria having the highest number of cases (166,534) and deaths (2,099) in West Africa. The first case of COVID-19 incidence was reported on 27 February 2020. Since then the reported confirmed cases increased considerably to about 1,350 cases before the end of the second month. Lagos State, Kano State and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) reported the highest number of cases in Nigeria. The Federal government of Nigeria and various State Governments imposed restrictive measures such suspension of all activities and religious gatherings, indefinite closure of public and private schools/institutions, extension of the travel ban to some countries, suspension of the
This chapter investigates extreme rainfall events that caused flood during summer months of June–September 2010–2014. The aim is to determine the impact of horizontal moisture flux divergence (HMFD) and vertical wind shear on forecasting extreme rainfall events over Nigeria. Wind divergence and convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also examined to ascertain their threshold values during the events. The data used include rainfall observation from 40 synoptic stations across Nigeria, reanalyzed datasets from ECMWF at 0.125° × 0.125° resolution and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset at resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The ECMWF datasets for the selected days were employed to derive the moisture flux divergence, wind shear, and wind convergence. The derived meteorological parameters and the CAPE were spatially analyzed and superimposed on the precipitation obtained from the satellite data. The mean moisture flux and CAPE for some northern Nigerian stations were also plotted for 3 days prior to and 3 days after the storm. The result showed that HMFD and CAPE increased few days before the storm and peak on the day of the storms, and then declined afterwards. HMFD values above 1.0 × 10−6 g kg−1 s−1 is capable of producing substantial amount of rainfall mostly above 50 mm while wind shear has a much weaker impact on higher rainfall amount than moisture availability. CAPE above 1000 Jkg−1 and 1500 Jk−1 are favorable for convection over the southern and northern Nigeria, respectively. The study recommends quantitative analysis of moisture flux as a valuable short-term severe storm predictor and should be considered in the prediction of extreme rainfall.
This chapter investigates extreme rainfall events that caused flood during summer months of June–September 2010–2014. The aim is to determine the impact of horizontal moisture flux divergence (HMFD) and vertical wind shear on forecasting extreme rainfall events over Nigeria. Wind divergence and convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also examined to ascertain their threshold values during the events. The data used include rainfall observation from 40 synoptic stations across Nigeria, reanalyzed datasets from ECMWF at 0.125° × 0.125° resolution and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset at resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The ECMWF datasets for the selected days were employed to derive the moisture flux divergence, wind shear, and wind convergence. The derived meteorological parameters and the CAPE were spatially analyzed and superimposed on the precipitation obtained from the satellite data. The mean moisture flux and CAPE for some northern Nigerian stations were also plotted for 3 days prior to and 3 days after the storm. The result showed that HMFD and CAPE increased few days before the storm and peak on the day of the storms, and then declined afterwards. HMFD values above 1.0 × 10−6 g kg−1 s−1 is capable of producing substantial amount of rainfall mostly above 50 mm while wind shear has a much weaker impact on higher rainfall amount than moisture availability. CAPE above 1000 Jkg−1 and 1500 Jk−1 are favorable for convection over the southern and northern Nigeria, respectively. The study recommends quantitative analysis of moisture flux as a valuable short-term severe storm predictor and should be considered in the prediction of extreme rainfall.
Farmers in most parts of Africa and Asia still practice subsistence farming which relies minly on seasonal rainfall for Agricultural production. A timely and accurate prediction of the rainfall onset, cessation, expected rainfall amount, and its intra-seasonal variability is very likely to reduce losses and risk of extreme weather as well as maximize agricultural output to ensure food security. Based on this, a study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) numerical Weather Prediction Model and its Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) precipitation forecast to ascertain its usefulness as a climate change adaptation tool over Nigeria. Observed daily and monthly CHIRPS reanalysis precipitation amount
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