Pollen load (dandelion and apple tree pollen) was collected from three beehives in three apiaries located in the mountain, foothill and forest steppe areas of the Carpathian region. Heavy metals (iron, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, lead and cadmium) in the studied biological material were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (S-115 PK). It was found that the dandelion and apple tree pollen, taken from the beehives located in the forest steppe area and the foothills of the Carpathian region, contained more iron, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, lead and cadmium. A high level of these heavy metals in the dandelion and apple tree pollen taken from the beehives located in the forest steppe and foothill areas of the Carpathian region results from intensive urbanization and industrialization.
The leading place in the structure of livestock production is occupied by poultry farming. The intensive development of this industry poses a problem in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment since, in addition to the main products, there is a considerable amount of waste. The latter serves as a source of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere, which are one of the main causes of negative changes in the climatic balance of the planet. Therefore, determining the level of greenhouse gas emissions under the influence of inorganic and biologically active substances was the basis of the planned research. As a result of the conducted studies, the effectiveness of the studied substances – perlite, glauconite, saponite, vermiculite, biopreparations Kapeliukhiv Yarok and Scarabei, magnesium acetate and superphosphate – was established to reduce the level of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) release from poultry litter (in vitro). In particular, it was determined that vermiculite, which most effectively affects greenhouse gas emissions from poultry litter from natural sorbents, reduces the level of CH4 and CO2 by 10.5-14.4%, and NO – 9.6-11.2%. The biological product of Kapeliukhiv Yarok more effectively reduces the emission of CH4 and CO2 from the test substrate by 12.9-17.3%, and Scarabei – NO by 11.8-13.3%. The introduction of magnesium acetate and superphosphate into fermented poultry litter helps to reduce the level of CH4 and CO2 release by 14.8-18.7% and 14.0-17.4%, respectively, and NO – by 15.3-16.1% and 12.4-14.7%. Studied substances that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the greatest extent (in vitro) – magnesium acetate, superphosphate, biopreparations Kapeliukhiv Yarok and Scarabei, vermiculite from the studied substrate, and at the same time provide the lowest pH level – 6.55-7.15 units. Thus, the determination of the effectiveness of the studied inorganic and biologically active substances on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from poultry litter (in vitro) indicates the prospects of their use to prevent environmental pollution in the intensive management of the poultry industry
The aim of this study was to analyse the intensity of heavy metal accumulation in the multifloral honey collected from the beehives located in the mountain, foothill and forest steppe areas of the Carpathian region. The sources of emissions of heavy metals and their release into the environment differ, but they mostly have a technological origin as a consequence of urbanization and industrialization. It was found that the content of iron, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel and lead in the natural multifloral honey collected from the beehives located in the mountain, foothill and forest steppe areas of the Carpathian region did not exceed the standards. However, with the increasing intensity of an industrial impact on the environment, natural multifloral honey contains more heavy metals.
The aim of the present study was to determine correlations between udder skin surface temperatures and milk yield and estimated composition in dairy cows. The thermographic images of 34 Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows were taken in a milking parlour before and after milking. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated between the surface temperatures of the udder hind quarters and milk production traits controlling for age, parity, year and milking time. Daily milk yield was weakly and non-significantly correlated with surface temperatures (rp ranging from -0.19 to 0.21), except for the mean and maximum temperature of the left hind quarter after milking (rp = 0.40 and rp = 0.38, respectively). There were significant correlations of skin surface temperature with estimated fat content (rp = -0.55 to rp = 0.48), protein content (rp = -0.39 to rp = 0.42), fat yield (rp = -0.42 to rp = 0.54) and protein yield (rp = 0.37 to rp = 0.54). Estimated somatic cell count was significantly correlated with minimum temperatures (rp = -0.54 to rp = -0.36). Estimated urea content was significantly correlated with minimum temperature (rp = 0.52). A larger sample size is required in future research to confirm these preliminary results.
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