As we reach the deadline for the United Nations fourth Millennium Development Goal to reduce child mortality, many inequalities in vaccine access still exist, particularly for children in developing countries. Here we discuss some of the barriers to vaccine access in these countries, as well as some of the innovative approaches that could address these. Finally, we discuss the need to create a global environment conducive to innovation directed at low-resource settings, aimed to ultimately increase vaccine coverage.

The effect of initial components, gel-forming additives, and heat-treatment and disaggregation conditions on the completeness of synthesis of forsterite and on powder morphology is considered. The colloid method using silica sol and magnesium acetate solution provides the steadiest and most homogeneous sol and after heat treatment yields highly dispersed powder without additional milling. The technological regimes facilitating complete synthesis are identified. Control of the synthesis temperature makes it possible to obtain powder with particle size ranging from less than 0.1 to 0.2 -0.5 mm and aggregate size from 0.5 to 2 -5 mm.One of the most significant stages in the technology of new generations of ceramics is the production of initial powders. It is this stage that predetermines the shape and size of particles and aggregates dictating the choice of technological regimes and the properties of ceramics.The use of traditional solid-phase synthesis for the production of finely dispersed nonaggregated powders is hampered mainly due to the impossibility of a uniform distribution of initial materials. To ensure a complete synthesis, it is necessary to briquette powders and apply high temperatures and long exposures. In this case strong aggregates are formed and the crystals keep growing. Subsequent milling makes the powder polyfractional and may cause its contamination by the milling bodies. Thus, the temperature at the beginning and the end of forsterite formation in a mechanical mixture of pure magnesium and silicon oxides is within the limits of 1250 -1500°C. The quantity of forsterite produced at 1350°C in briquettes of magnesium oxide and quartz is 58.6% of the theoretical quantity and in briquettes of magnesium oxide and quartz glass it is 64.3% [1].The problem of lowering the temperature of synthesis and producing highly dispersed monofractional forsterite powder with a preset size of particles and aggregates is topical considering the prospects of using forsterite single crystals [2]; therefore, special attention is paid to the chemical methods of synthesizing powders.The methods of precipitation in a liquid phase, usually in aqueous solutions of precipitators, are widely applied. The use of the method of coprecipitation of components in an aqueous medium for the synthesis of silicates is hampered by the absence of water-soluble silicon salts, except for the silicates of alkali metals. The application of special purification methods not only complicates the process, but is frequently ineffective, since alkali metal ions to a large extent are sorbed on the gel. Another version of this method is precipitation on a solid phase, when one of the components has no water-soluble salts. Thus, aluminum hydroxide was precipitated on the surface of highly dispersed amorphous silica in the form of Aerosil in order to synthesize mullite [3]. The distribution uniformity in this case depends on the dispersion of the solid phase and is lower than in coprecipitation. However, the technology of the synthesis of powders beco...

The regional characteristics of the epidemic process and the incidence rates of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the Arkhangelsk region have been examined in the paper. In the period 2005 -2015 the annual TBE incidence rates per 100 thousand population were from 2,0 to 5,4 times higher as compared to the corresponding averages reported for the whole population of the Russian Federation. The most possible causes of the increased incidence rates of tick-borne viral encephalitis in the Arkhangelsk region and temporal trends in its changes as well as potential risk factors of TBE extension have been stated. The vectors of viral encephalitis in the Arkhangelsk region are represented by two types of ixodic ticks: Ixodes persulcatus (the "taiga" tick) and Ixodes ricinus ("forest" tick), the Ixodes persulcatus constitutes over 99 % of their total number. Spring-summer season is typical for TBE cases occurrence which is associated with higher tick activity in this area. The average tick infection rate for the period was 7.8 %. The cases of TBE are reported to occur mainly in urban citizens; and lethality rate due to TBE reached 4.3%. Since 2010 decrease in the TBE morbidity has being observed in the Arkhangelsk region. Reducing morbidity can be connected to the increase in the proportion of vaccinated persons, which reached 6.3 % of the total population of the Arkhangelsk region. The main indices of the acaricide treatment volume which increased since 2005 nearly 6 times, from 128.2 to 740.0 hectares have been stated. Considering the fact that the area of acaricide treatment in the region increases every year, and the number of persons seeking medical advice concerning tick bites remains high it is necessary to control the effectiveness of acaricide treatment regularly. Core measures to decrease the tick-borne viral encephalitis conducted by the Regional Office of Federal Service for Consumers' Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing as well as ways for further research have been introduced.

In the dynamics of the annual cycle (January, April, June, October) for 35 men and 35 women aged 18-22, born and permanently residing in the European North (64° N), there were determined the electrocardiograms’ amplitude-time characteristics. It has been established that in the annual cycle, the myocardium highest electrobiological activity was observed in the mid-seasons (autumn, spring). Seasonal changes of the cardiac muscle electric activity touched on the left heart greater than the right heart.