The purpose of these studies was to analyse and compare the content of bromine in samples of chicken eggs, feed, and water from different regions of Ukraine in the dynamics of 2016 – 2020: with an increased risk of bromine in products (Kharkiv, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Mykolaiv regions) and outside the risk zone (Volyn, Vinnytsia and Zaporizhzhia). Studies of bromine content in eggs, feed, and water were performed in the laboratory of toxicological monitoring of the National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine" (Kharkiv) using X-ray fluorescence analysis. As a result of the conducted researches, the increase of the bromine content in chicken eggs in the dynamics of 2016 – 2020 was established: the bromine content increased regardless of the region of the poultry farm location. The highest bromine concentration in chicken eggs was found in Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, and Zaporizhia regions. Bromine source in poultry products is the excessive intake of bromine in the poultry body with alimentary environmental factors (feed and water). Bromine content in feed for chickens increased in the research dynamics (from 35.1% in the Poltava region to 2.5 times in the Zaporizhzhia region). It exceeded the established EFSA (4.4% of the total) and the average in Ukraine (51.2% of the total number of samples). In addition, the average bromine content in feed from poultry farms of the studied regions of Ukraine correlated with the number of registered and approved bromine-containing pesticides. The average bromine concentration in water sources in the studied regions of Ukraine had no significant differences compared to the beginning of the study but exceeded the maximum allowable concentration by 21.7% in 2016, 34.8% in 2018 and 39.1% in 2020. The maximum bromine concentration was in water sources in Mykolayiv, Kharkiv, and Dnipropetrovsk regions.
The article presents the results of an impact assessment of a mixture of nanoparticles (MNPs) of metals (Ag, Cu, Fe) and manganese oxide (MnO2) on the histomorphological state of internal organs and tissues of laying hens. The study of a subchronic effect of an experimental sample of MNPs on the organism of laying hens was conducted on a Hayrase Brown cross-breed (n=112), weighing 1.5-1.8 kg at the age of 365 days. Colloidal solutions of MNPs (group II – 0.3 mg/kg, group III – 4.0 mg/kg body weight) and a mixture of salts of a corresponding metals (group I – 0.3 mg/kg body weight) were daily administrated to experimental groups of poultry as feed compound additives during 30 days. Distilled water was added to the compound feed for a control group of hens. Euthanasia of chickens (n=7) was performed by using inhalation chloroform anesthesia on a 15th and 30th day after exposure as well as 7 and 15 days after a termination of the drug exposure. Internal organs were selected for histomorphological studies. It has been found that changes of the morphological structure of the liver and kidneys established in chickens under the influence of MNPs in a toxic dose and occurred on the 30th day after the start and on the 7th day after the termination of it’s a exposure. There were a thickness of the walls and lesions of the epithelial cells of the bile duct, a desquamation of a part of epithelial cells, a presence of granular dystrophy of the epithelium of the urinary tubules with elements of necrosis and hemorrhages. This testifies to the presence of dystrophic changes in hepatocytes, bile ducts, bile passages and urinary tubules.
Creating an optimal microclimate in poultry houses is an important condition for implementing the genetic potential of poultry productivity and minimizing the specific costs of material and technical resources. Such microclimate parameters as the content of harmful gases in the air of the poultry houses and its microbial contamination have a significant impact not only on the survival and productive parameters of the poultry, but also on the health of the staff, and the ventilation emissions from the poultry houses - on the environment. Therefore, the development of techniques and technological methods aimed at reducing the content of these ‘harmful factors’ in the air of the poultry houses is of paramount importance for modern poultry farming. The first experiments were carried out in two similar industrial poultry houses for egg laying hens, 18×96 m in size. Hens were kept in 4-tier Hellmann cage batteries with a belt removal system and integrated air ducts. The capacity of each poultry house was 47,280 laying hens. The purpose of the experiment was to study the influence of the device for the neutralization of microorganisms in the air of the poultry house and its mode of operation on the microbial contamination of the air of the poultry house and the productive parameters of the poultry. The poultry of the Lohmann Brown crossbreed was used. The next experiment was carried out in the same poultry houses as in the previous one. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of the application of the method of purifying the air of the poultry house from the ammonia in the scrubber on the contents of this gas in the air of the poultry house and the productive parameters of the poultry. The poultry of the Lohmann Brown crossbreed was used in the experiments. It was established that at application of a bactericidal device with 24 bactericidal tubes TUV-75 caused a decrease of microbial contamination of the air, which positively influenced the survival and productive parameters of the poultry. After 210 days of the productive period, the poultry’s survival in the experimental poultry house was higher by 0.8%; 1.3 pcs. of eggs more per one egg laying hen were obtained in this poultry house; and the egg mass was higher by 0.7 g than in the control poultry house. With the hens from the experimental poultry house, a greater bactericidal and lysozyme activity of the blood serum was observed than with the ones from the control poultry house at the age of 30 and 47 weeks. Some advantage of the poultry from the experimental poultry house was determined by the absolute mass of individual internal organs, but this advantage was not statistically probable. It was proved that in the cold season, the scrubber provided a decrease in the ammonia content in the air (when comparing the air before and after the scrubber) by 3.2-2.2 times, in the poultry house (when compared with the control) - by 2.1-1.5 times. It was established that in the experimental poultry house the poultry’s survival was greater by 0.7%, 1.6 pcs. or by 1.0% eggs more per one egg laying hen were obtained and egg mass was higher by 212 g, or by 2.1% than in the control poultry house.
In the 20th century, representatives of the Cervidae family, in particular the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) became relatively popular "farm animals", they began to be bred on farms as semi-domestic animals. In Ukraine (especially in its western region) such opportunities are extremely large, which is due to the large areas of agricultural land, the use of which for agriculture and animal husbandry is impractical. Іn order preserve authenticity wild animals and to maximally improve the quality of the meat obtained from them, it is necessary to carry out veterinary and zootechnical measures in such a farm and they should be of with as little human disturbance as possible to reduce animal stress. The application of veterinary drugs specially developed for aviary complexes to red deer (n=18) and fallow deer (n=18) on the background of a corrected diet twice during three seasons (years) in conditions of semi-free housing did not affect on the organoleptic indicators and moisture content of the meat, but contributed to a more intense increase in its quality due to an increase in the mass fraction of protein by 13.8 and 10.8%, fat – by 7.4 and 15.5%, ash – by 19.1 and 44.2%, as well as enrichment with trace elements: the content of zinc increased by 23.9 and 38.6%, copper – by 6.6 and 13.2%, iron – by 6.4 and 1.9%, manganese – by 20.4 and 19.5%, cobalt – by 30.0 and 50.0%, selenium – by 11.8 and 11.3% respectively.
Bromine content in fodder and water for laying chickens in Ukraine gradually increasing, thereby accumulating in the poultry production (eggs and meat): according to the data, intake of bromine with chicken eggs in 2020 has almost doubled, compared with 2016. Taking into account the ability of bromine to accumulate and the scales of consumption of poultry products, it is relevant to study the effects of high bromine concentration on the level of thyroid hormones and clinical-biochemical parameters of blood of white rats. At the laboratory of Toxicological Monitoring of the National Scientific Center the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology of the State Institution V.Y. Danylevskyi Institute of Problems of Endocrine Pathology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, we carried out studies on white outbred male rats (n = 144). The diet of experimental groups was supplemented with eggs and meat containing high bromine concentration. We determined increase in the coefficients of liver weight and decrease in the coefficients of lung weight in the experimental rats. Moreover, we determined changes in the biochemical blood profile, in particular: after egg consumption, there occurred 20.0–22.0% decrease in the enzymatic activity of alanine aminotransferase, 23.0–48.4% in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, and on average 21.3% decrease in alkaline phosphatase, compared with the control; after meat consumption, the level of total proteins decreased by 8.6%, glucose by 12.2–14.5%, also there were 13.8–18.5% decrease in the activity of alanine aminotransferase and 12.1–83.0% increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase on the 28th day, and 23.2–35.3% decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase. After the intake of both poultry products, the blood serum of animals was observed to have decrease in the level of overall thyroxine and overall triiodothyronine (1.3 times on average, depending on the period of study). The results of the studies can help in prediction and timely alleviation of the negative impact of poultry products with high bromine content on the human organism.
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